Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards
the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable (always want to reject this!)
null hypothesis
what you think will happen in an experiment
hypothesis
a tentative explanation of an event or behavior
(e.g CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants
experimental hypothesis
an assertion or conjecture concerning one/multiple populations which may/may not be true concerning one/more population
statistical hypothesis
What are the two types of statistical hypothesis?
Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis
the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable
alternative hypothesis
experimental design
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Gather materials
- Determine procedure
- Conduct experiment
- Record data
doesn’t change
constant
an experiment which does not have the independent variable; variables stay the same
control group
a measure of sample variance
standard error
√∑(x−x̄)^2
_________
(n-1)
**(n-1) IS UNDER THE SQR ROOT
standard deviation
stndrd dev./√n
standard error
Structure determines _________.
function
If shape changes, what also changes?
function
What are the major elements of life?
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Oxygen fuels ______. ________ require it.
metabolism, organisms
The sub-components of biological molecules determine the _________ of that molecule.
properties
What ratio of H:O does H2O have?
2:1
covalent bond
atoms share e-
Fuels photosynthesis; makes up amino acids (protein), and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
Nitrogen and Phosphorous
What are the three types of nucleic acid?
DNA, RNA, ATP
Chemo synthesis is run on hydrogen sulfide; major metabolism in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, or deep ocean vents
Sulfur
difference in atomic electronegativity; more electronegative, more ____
polarity
Polarity allows molecules to form _________ ________, the weak bond interactions between the – and + regions of two seperate molecules.
hydrogen bonds
Two of the SAME molecules from hydrogen bond with each other
cohesion
two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other
adhesion
What is an example of cohesion?
water and water
What is an example of adhesion?
amino acid and water
Living systems depend on ______’s properties
water
result of increased h-bonding forces between H2O molecules at the surface
surface tension
Water has HIGH ________ due to its ADHESIVE properties
solvency
making/breaking down polymers (macromolecules)
condensation/hydrolysis reaction
Every macromolecules has a ______ and ______ unit
monomer, polymer
monomer
single unit
Monomers are put together through _________ bonds in condensation.
covalent
many monomers bonded together
polymer
H2O dissolves ______ in cells, and allows them to be easily accessed by cells.
materials
In a condensation reaction, H20 is _________.
removed
COHESION allows for unique h-bond interactions to occur in H2O solid, ice less dense than H2O liquid
ice floats
COHESION; H2O absorb lots of thermal en. before state change –> resist sudden change in temperature
high heat capacity
In a hydrolysis reaction, H2O is ________.
added/made
ADHESION + COHESION; plants access H2O from soil
capillary action
Living systems require a constant input of energy to ____, _____, and _______ _____.
grow, reproduce, maintain organisms
energy is transferred, NOT destroyed
law of conservation of mass
globular 3D structure; enzymes
3rd (tertiary) protein struc.
R group determines _________ in amino acids. Therefore, it also determines ________.
structure, function
Living systems mainly use energy stored in ________ ________.
chemical bonds
Living systems require an ______ ___ ______.
exchange of matter
Organic means
carbon-based
What type of bonds can carbon make?
single, double, triple
Carbon/Hydrogen is used to build what groups of macromolecules?
Carbs, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids
Nitrogen is used to build what macromolecule groups?
Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Phosphorous is used to make what macromolecule groups?
Nucleic Acids, lipids (certain ones)
Carbon-containing molecules can be used to:
store energy
form basic cell structures
What shapes can carbon bonds make
chains, rings, branches
Function depends on __________.
structure
polymers comprised of monomers called nucleotides
nucleic acids
What are the three types of nucleotide?
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Biological information is stored in __________ ________.
nucleotide monomers
5’ end is _________ group.
phosphate
3’ end has ________.
OH
DNA and RNA differ how?
sugar group (deoxyribose vs. ribose) and nitrogen base (thymine vs. uracil)
monomers that make up proteins; have directionality with NH2 terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus
amino acids (proteins)
primary structure of a protein; consists of smaller, specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve
polypeptide
Polypeptides differ in their _____ group
R
Polypeptide R group HYDROPHOBIC
CH3
Polypeptide R group HYDROPHILIC
CH2-OH
Polypeptide R group IONIC
CH2-COOH
can have monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of carb
complex carbs
Carb monomers differ in _________ groups
hydroxide
nonpolar macromolecules that DONT have true monomers but comprise of subunits: _____ and ______
lipids, fatty acids, glycerol
fatty acids SATURATED
carbon chain
fatty acids UNSATURATED
carbon branch
contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that determine interaction with other molecules
phospholipid
phospholipid hydrophilic region
polar head
phospholipid hydrophobic region
nonpolar tail
Membranes contain _____ and _______.
lipids, proteins
hydrophilic regions _____ with H2O.
interact
hydrophobic regions ___ __________ w/ H20.
don’t interact
Directionality of subcomponents influence __________ of nucleic acid polymers
structure
linear sequence of all nucleic acids
3’ hydroxyl (OH) and 5’phosphate; antiparallel
Nucleic acids held together by _____ ______ which stabilize molecular structure.
hydrogen bonds
A-T how many H-bonds?
2
G-C how many bonds?
3
Directionality influences _____ of nucleic acid polymers
synthesis
Nucleotide can only be added to 3’ end during _______________
synthesis of nucleic acid polymers
Proteins comprise chains of amino acids with ________. What are the two groups of terminus in an amino acid?
directionality; amino group and carboxyl group
What is the bond that links multiple amino acids together?
peptide bond
Amino acids connect by formation of ________ bonds at the __________ terminus of growing ________ chain.
covalent, carboxyl, peptide
What are the four elements of protein structure?
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
determined by sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bond (type of covalent bond)
primary structure
arise through local folding of amino acid chain. includes alpha helix and beta sheet
secondary structure
overall 3D shape and minimizes free energy bond + interactions; protein stabilized and functional
tertiary structure
arises from multiple interactions between multiple polypeptide units
quaternary structure
Carbs comprise linear chains of ________ ________ connected by ______ bonds.
sugar monomers, covalent
Sugar monomers vary in __________ of their components (e.g. bond orientation of -OH groups linked to carbon chain)
direction
Depending on type of sugar monomer used in its formation, a carb polymer may have ________ or ____________ structure and can differ in ________.
linear, branched, function
DNA vs. RNA phosphate group
same
DNA vs. RNA nitrogenous base
(T) thymine, (U) uracil
DNA vs. RNA 5-carb sugar
deoxyribose, ribose
DNA vs. RNA numberofstrands?
double-strand, single-strand
DNA vs. RNA: Is the nitrogenous base perpendicular to backbone?
yes
DNA vs. RNA: Nucleotides have 5’ end and 3’ end?
yes; DNA antiparallel, RNA not
