Unit 3 Bioethics Flashcards
What is Personalism in Bioethics?
An approach in bioethics focusing on person-centered decisions, valuing human life, dignity, freedom, self-determination, and relationships.
What is Principlism?
A practical approach to bioethics developed to address issues in biomedicine research, aiming to identify a starting point for ethical problems and create a model for problem solving.
What is the Utility Principle in Bioethics?
Evaluation of the risk versus benefit in outcomes to determine the beneficial nature of an action.
What is the First Stage of Casuistry?
Description of the situation, including actors, interests, and means.
What is Personalist bioethics?
A bioethics approach that emphasizes the importance of the person, involving a three-dimensional understanding: somatic, psychological, and spiritual.
What is the Value of Human Life?
A key consideration in bioethics emphasizing the intrinsic worth of a person’s existence.
What report served as an antecedent to Principlism?
The Belmont Report.
What does the Risk Assessment in Beneficence involve?
Involves evaluating the nature and scope of the risk and performing a systematic, non-arbitrary assessment.
What is the Second Stage of Casuistry?
Identify a similar previous case such as a paradigm or precedent.
What are the three dimensions of personhood in Personalist bioethics?
Somatic, Psychological, and Spiritual.
Human Dignity
An ethical principle recognizing the inherent worth and respect owed to each individual.
What are the three principles of Principlism?
- Respect for Persons
- Beneficence
- Justice.
What is Non-Maleficence?
The principle of consciously refraining from causing harm, similar to the vow taken in the Hippocratic Oath.
What is the Third Stage of Casuistry?
Contextualization of the case with respect to antecedents.
What dimensions are included in the concept of ‘the person’?
Affective and subjective dimensions.
What is Freedom and Self-Determination?
Values emphasizing the right of individuals to make their own choices and govern their own lives.
What does ‘Respect for Persons’ entail?
It involves treating individuals as autonomous agents and ensuring informed consent, defining who is capable of giving consent.
What is Not initiating treatment vs. withdrawing treatment?
A debate on whether it is ethically different to not start a treatment or to stop an ongoing treatment.
What is the Fourth Stage of Casuistry?
Develop analogies incorporating contextualization to justify the new case.
What is interpersonality in the context of patient-physician relationships?
The capacity to establish a true relationship based on trust and communication.
What is Principlism?
A method of addressing bioethical problems through the application of specific rules.
What is the significance of informed consent in Principlism?
It ensures that individuals fully understand and agree to participation in research, recognizing their autonomy.
What are Ordinary treatments?
Treatments that are obligatory and offer reasonable hope of benefit.
What is the Fifth Stage of Casuistry?
Review contextualization and paradigms to validate arguments developed by analogy.
What does the hierarchical structure of human goods imply?
The irreplaceable value of each individual and their full ontological dignity.
What is Casuistry?
An approach from the Middle Ages using criteria to justify behavior in ethical situations.
How does Principlism address ethical issues in research?
By providing a structured framework that includes identifying key principles to guide ethical decision-making.
What are Extraordinary treatments?
Treatments that are optional as they do not offer reasonable hope of benefit or are excessively burdensome.
Criticism of Casuistry?
Can lead to relativism and emotivism due to subjective interpretations.
What is the fundamental value emphasized in Personalist bioethics?
The value of physical life from conception to natural death.
What is the Narrative Approach?
A hermeneutic method in bioethics focusing on action and interpretation of stories and experiences.
In what context was Principlism primarily developed?
In the United States to address ethical concerns in biomedical research involving human subjects.
What are Life-sustaining techniques?
A hermeneutic method in bioethics focusing on action and interpretation of stories and experiences.
What is Narrative Bioethics?
A hermeneutic approach that values action, focusing on recognition, formulation, interpretation, and validation phases.
What is the principle of freedom and responsibility?
The idea that individuals have the right to make choices and are responsible for their actions.
What does Understanding of Care mean?
The recognition of care as a fundamental component in bioethical discussions and decision-making.
What is the role of autonomy in the principle of ‘Respect for Persons’?
Autonomy emphasizes the individual’s right to make informed decisions regarding their participation in research.
What are Non-medical techniques?
Interventions like nutrition that sustain life but are not medical in nature.
What is a Case History?
A patient’s medical background and previous health events.
What does the principle of totality or therapeutic refer to?
The idea that treatment should consider the whole person rather than just parts of them.
What is Beneficence?
An ethical principle based on trust, focusing on the well-being and welfare of research participants.
What does Prima facie mean?
All ethical principles are initially given equal weight.
What is the Patient Point of View?
Patient’s personal perspective on their symptoms and experiences.
What is the principle of sociability or subsidiarity?
The principle which emphasizes the importance of social structures and support in healthcare.
What is the Assessment of Risk?
The process of evaluating potential harm versus benefit in a research study.
What does Praxis stand for in bioethics?
Focus on the primacy of autonomy, especially in conflict situations.
What is the Importance of Patient View?
Provides context to symptoms; helps tailor treatment.
What is the role of respect in Personalist bioethics?
To affirm the value and dignity of each individual from conception to natural death.
What is Justice?
Ethical principle focusing on fairness in distribution of research benefits, influenced by laws and legal systems.
What is Consensus in ethics?
Achieving agreement among stakeholders on ethical issues.
