Unit 2 Bioethics Flashcards
What is the impact of human actions according to the Phenomenology of a Profession?
Human actions transform the individual, and through free actions, man develops himself. Actions can improve or degrade the individual.
What are the three areas where ethical responses are needed?
Job, Family, Friends.
Why are clinically oriented professions ethically significant?
They involve human beings, address individual vulnerability, impact patient quality of life, operate with limited resources, and require specialized training.
What is the Nuremberg Code?
A set of ethical principles for human experimentation established in 1947 in response to Nazi war crimes.
What is the historical perspective of the physician-patient relationship?
It has evolved from a holistic vision in ancient times to a focus on naturalist positivism in the 19th century.
What is the nature of the physician-patient relationship?
it is assymetric,with the physician as the expert and the patient as the vulnerable subject needing care.
What is the age of paternalism in the physician-patient relationship?
refers to a model where the physician makes decisions for the patient, often prioritizing the patient’s best interests while limiting their autonomy.
What does Models of Physician-Patient Relationship mean?
Physician and patient autonomy is limited by healthcare provider decisions, economic constraints, and service reduction by HMOs.
What is informed consent in clinical ethics?
A legal and ethical requirement rooted in the principle of autonomy, ensuring patients are fully informed, have capacity, and provide free consent before an intervention.
What is Conflict of Interest (COI) Situations: Promoter Influence?
Occurs when a promoter’s interests condition the outcome of a decision or research.
What is the significance of patient autonomy in medical decisions?
Patient autonomy allows patients to provide input on their treatment, leading to better adherence.
Is there a separation between professional actions and ethical actions?
No, there is no separation
-> all actions, whether professional, research, social, teaching, or ethical, configure us.
Why are some ethical decisions urgent?
They may involve situations like accidents or legal interventions.
What is a key ethical concern in clinical practice related to human beings?
The potential for manipulation and discrimination, and the ethical implications of life or death decisions.
What year was mechanical ventilation introduced?
1952
What characterized the holistic vision of medicine in ancient times?
A holistic approach to suffering with significant religious and spiritual input.
Why should a dominant situation between physician and patient be avoided?
It can hinder effective communication and trust, which are essential for healing.
What does paternalism eliminate in the physician-patient dynamic?
Paternalism eliminates the autonomy of the patient in various degrees, preventing them from making their own decisions regarding treatment.
Impact of HMO Management
Goal shifts from patient health to public expenditure, reflecting a utilitarian approach with focus on social health indicators.
What are the validity requirements for informed consent?
Consent must be informed, free, and from an individual with capacity.
What are COI Situations: Patient Selection?
Happens when patients are selected based on affinity or kinship rather than objective criteria.
How have advancements in medical and pharmaceutical sciences impacted understanding?
New standards and technical possibilities in medicine are only well understood by a few experts.
What is implied about good and evil in human actions?
Good and evil exist through our free actions, indicating that human actions determine what is good and bad.
What must all decisions consider?
An ethics component.
How has science and technology influenced clinical practice?
They have led to advancements such as transplants, preventive medicine, prenatal diagnostics, and cloning, improving patient care.
When was cardiovascular reanimation first performed?
1954
What did naturalist positivism emphasize about the body?
The body is viewed as a set of reactions and diseases are seen as mechanical problems.
What does the term ‘therapeuien’ mean in relation to therapy?
It is Greek for ‘to minister to,’ highlighting the service aspect of medical care.
How does paternalism affect a patient’s ability to reject treatment?
Paternalism rejects the possibility for patients to consent or decline treatment, as decision-making is primarily in the hands of the physician.
What is the change in Health Sciences Identity?
Shift from ‘Ars Medica’ (art of medicine) to ‘Ars Administrandi’ (art of administration) to ‘Ars Dominandi’ (art of domination).
What must be included in informed consent?
Necessity of intervention, possible alternatives, and main risks with likelihood of occurrence.
COI Situations: Cost Reduction - what does it involve?
Involves a center that reduces costs by using students as assistants, potentially affecting quality.
Why is there a need for new ethical inquiry with technological developments?
New technologies create ethical dilemmas that require careful examination and guidelines.
What characterizes just and honest actions?
Just and honest actions are coherent with promoting human well-being and are reflective of a person’s character.
What elements are involved in making ethical decisions?
Options, effects on others, object, purpose, and circumstances.
What ethical theories are relevant in clinical practice?
Utilitarianism, eternal progress ideology, and transhumanism inform decision-making and ethical considerations.
What significant medical advancement occurred between 1954 and 1958?
Renal transplant.
How did naturalist positivism change the focus in medicine?
It shifted the focus from the patient to the disease.
How is the physician-patient relationship described as reciprocal?
It involves two-way interaction, where both parties play significant roles in the healing process.
In what situations is paternalism still practiced today?
Paternalism is commonly practiced with minors or patients who are deemed unable to make informed decisions.
What are Clinical Ethics Study?
Systematic study of human actions affecting human, vegetable, and animal life.
What happens if informed consent is not obtained?
It may result in negligence.
COI Situations: Economic Participation - what does it refer to?
Refers to decision-makers having economic involvement in the project they are influencing.
What is the emerging rivalry in science mentioned?
The race to be the first in scientific discoveries, which can lead to issues like patient vulnerability and research fraud.
Can professional actions affect personal development?
Yes, professional actions are integral to personal development, shaping who we are ethically and socially.
What is the risk of routine in ethical decision-making?
Avoiding necessary ethical assessments.
What is the role of religious beliefs in clinical practice?
They can influence the decisions and ethical standpoints of both patients and physicians regarding treatment options.
What concept was formalized in 1957?
Informed consent.
What responsibility was abandoned in favor of technical competency?
The professional responsibility towards patients.
What role does the concept of otherness play in healing?
It emphasizes that part of healing is recognizing and valuing the patient’s experiences and identity.
