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Enviro 1000 > Unit 3 B-Examples of Biodiversity Management Parks and Protected Areas and Forestry > Flashcards

Unit 3 B-Examples of Biodiversity Management Parks and Protected Areas and Forestry Flashcards

1
Q

Canadian National Parks

A
  • National Parks are a country-wide system of representative natural areas of Canadian significance.
  • These regions are protected by law. Public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment are key goals BUT the ecological integrity of the ecosystem is maintained in an unimpaired state for future generations.
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2
Q

Ecological Integrity

A

-keeping ecosystems healthy and whole – a state where ecosystem biodiversity, structures and functions are unimpaired and likely to persist.
‘All native species of plants and animals can live, reproduce, and maintain long-term viability’

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3
Q

Park Biologists Estimate the Minimum Viable Population (MVP) to Conserve Biodiversity

A
  • determining the MVP of their native wildlife species in their effort to maintain ecological integrity
  • Don’t necessarily achieve carrying capacity but the smallest population that can be sustained
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4
Q

RMNP-3 distinict ecosystem zones

A
  • Manitoba Escarpment
  • Boreal forest
  • Aspen parkland/mixed grass prairie
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5
Q

RMNP-Biosphere Reserve

A

-Scientific research
-Educating public
-Public protected
-Surrounding private lots
“Everyone contributes to the stewardship”

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6
Q

RMNP-Limited resource development

A

-Limited residential development within the park boundaries, development occurs outside the boundaries

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7
Q

RMNP-Elk and Bison

A
  • Carries of tuberculosis

- Elk cannot be put in boundaries

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8
Q

RMNP is an ecological island

A

created by fragmented habitats

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9
Q

RMNP-Ecological Island Surrounded by a Sea of Agriculture

A

-Forest lands are fragmented making migration of species difficult

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10
Q

Elk Live Within the Fragmented Habitat of RMNP

A
  • Interactions between elk (a native species in the Park) and surrounding cattle established through human settlement has been common since farming began in the region
  • This can be problematic for land owners
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11
Q

Researchers have tracked elk to determine habitat range requirements and MVP

A

-Boundaries of RMNP do not fit their needs

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12
Q

Elk utilize adjacent parks and move through cattle production regions

A

-Migration through the park, into surrounding areas and up to Duck Mountain Provincial Park

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13
Q

Another Problem – 
Bovine Tuberculosis

A
  • Bovine TB is one of the most infectious forms of TB, and reduces the value of livestock herds when infected
  • Bovine TB is an organism native to RMNP and so will be a component of the ecological integrity
  • Contagious disease caused by bacterial infection in the lymph nodes and spreads to other organs
  • Conflict - RMNP elk (infected with TB) vs. livestock in the vicinity of RMN
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14
Q

How can ecological integrity, MVP all be achieved in this scenario of potential conflict in resource management?

A
  • ‘safe passage’ by creating wildlife corridors


- Establish buffer zones and biosphere reserves to remove conflict

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15
Q

safe passage’ by creating wildlife corridors


A
  • Yellowstone to Yukon

- A Wild Way to Move

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16
Q

Yellowstone to Yukon-Wildlife corridors-fragmented habitat

A

-Landscapes

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17
Q

Yellowstone to Yukon-Predator management

A
  • Want bears but not in my backyard

- Design a win-win to meet needs of human interest while placing conservation as priority

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18
Q

Yellowstone to Yukon-Community

A
  • Collective efforts
    • Private land owners
    • Conservation not-for profit organization
    • Indigenous
    • Government
    • Industry
    • Public engagement
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19
Q

A Wild Way to Move

A

-Land bridge for large mammals to move across the Trans Canada highway in Banff allowing them to stay connected to the forest and ecosystem on both sides

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20
Q

Establish buffer zones and biosphere reserves to remove conflict

A

-RMNP and DM are core areas for the elk, area between is the area of conflict

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21
Q

Core area

A

where natural processes are allowed to continue with as little development impact as possible and explore multiple ways to integrate with the neighbour working landscapes

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22
Q

Zone of Cooperation

A

resources are utilized and managed in a sustainable manner in ways that support the conservation objectives of the protected and working landscapes

23
Q

RMNP Biosphere Reserve:

A
  • Cattle are relocated to government/crown land and public pastures to remove the threat of TB transfer between elk and cattle
  • Park “behaves as though boundaries were extended an additional 12,000 km2 (black border)
24
Q

Outcomes of this Biosphere Reserve

A
  • RMNP was able to maintain the ecological integrity (EI) of elk by allowing the animals to freely travel from the core area of the park to the Duck Mountains
  • The minimum viable population has been successfully maintained in the face of potential conflict
  • The landowners who were affected by bovine tuberculosis were able to move the cattle away from the high-risk areas
  • The First Nations representatives were able to satisfy their cultural pursuits by harvesting more elk around the park area
25
Q

Ecosystem Management Steps

A

-5 steps

26
Q

EMS step A

A

determining the main stakeholders, defining the ecosystem area, and developing the relationship between them

27
Q

EMS step B

A

characterizing the structure and function of the ecosystem, and setting in place mechanisms to manage and monitor it

28
Q

EMS step C

A

identifying the important economic issues that will affect the ecosystem and its inhabitants

29
Q

EMS step D

A

determining the likely impact of the ecosystem on adjacent ecosystems

30
Q

EMS step E

A

deciding on long-term goals, and flexible ways of reaching them

31
Q

Provincial Parks Use a Model of Conservation

A
  • Use a model based on the three pillars of SD: environment, social well-being, economic development.
  • Human interest and resource development is as important as protecting the resource
32
Q

Federal Parks use a Model of Preservation

A
  • Protects species or landscapes without reference to Human interests
  • Uses a historical reference to identify the features worthy of preserving
33
Q

difference in management philosophy Provincial vs Federal Parks

A
  • Federal Parks are limited in how tourism activities develop, cottage and recreational development is quite restricted; forestry, mining, and other resource extraction excluded from federal parks
  • Provincial parks will entertain all of these activities when it is deemed to be in Society’s interest to do so. In some circumstances (e.g., species at risk), the protection of the species is a priority and other activities are excluded. Parks could be designated as wilderness only.
34
Q

What is a Forest Ecosystem

A
  • A plant community dominated by trees and other woody plants as well as shrubs, forbs, and grasses divided into vertical layers: canopy, shrub, forest floor
  • Ecological values of forests include links to biodiversity (habitat and conservation), carbon storage, oxygen production, (climate change) water purification, soil development (fertility) and conservation
35
Q

Forest Regions of Canada –Boreal, Deciduous and Coastal Rainforest

A
  • 70% of Canada is covered in forests, can take 70-80 years to regrow forests
  • Boreal=coniferous trees
  • Great Bear Rainforest in BC
    • 40% of temperate rainforests today
  • Deciduous=leaves fall off and grow back, maple trees found in Ontario and Quebec
36
Q

Stresses to Canada’s Forests (Human stresses)

A
  • Logging
  • Mining
  • Hydroelectric Development
  • Climate Change (Pine beetle)
  • Acid Precipitation (particularly for deciduous trees)
37
Q

Logging

A
  • Harvesting previously uneconomical trees
  • Cumulative impacts
  • Threatens biodiversity
38
Q

Forest Types

A
  • Second(ary) Growth (Deciduous forests)

- Old Growth

39
Q

Second(ary) Growth (Deciduous forests)

A
  • Regenerating forest after natural disturbances (human or natural) or forestry operations (10-50-100 years)
  • Trees more closely spaced
  • More vegetation on forest floor because of the successonal stage of the forest
  • Less biodiversity than old growth due to presence of one canopy layer and fewer ecological niches
40
Q

Old Growth

A
  • Has attained at least 100 - 500 years (MB vs BC)
  • Unique biological features maintain certain species
  • Large live trees
  • Large dead trees (snags)
  • Large logs on forest floor
  • Multiple vertical layers representing different tree species in some cases
  • Tremendous number of ecological niches to support biodiversity
41
Q

Harvesting (Silvicultural) 
Systems-Be selective or chop them all down?

A

Harvest individually from diverse forests or entire forest stand cut down in one (clear cut) or several phases (selective cutting)

42
Q

Selective Cutting

A
  • Uneven-aged forest is maintained (different species, different levels of development, more complex)
  • Trees are cut singly or in small clumps.
  • Forest regenerates naturally, with the young trees and seedlings benefiting from the protection of existing trees.
  • Most valuable harvested, or of a specific size or quality
  • Thin out the forest for other vegetation to grow, less competition between trees
  • Allows a quicker rebound recovery
  • Habitat does not become fragmented
43
Q

Clear-cutting

A
  • An entire stand of trees is harvested from an area at one time in blocks. -Forest will have even-aged structure (all the same age, could vary in species)
  • Predominant in some areas of Canada but not used in Manitoba
  • Can be cost-effective, but may appear destructive, environmental impact
  • Requires intervention to re-establish the stand of trees following harvest
  • Increase effort of species, lead to fragmentation, impact diversity
44
Q

Can we emulate natural disturbances so that the forest regenerates as desired with minimal fragmentation of the landscape that could reduce biodiversity?

A
  • Dominant disturbance regime is wildfire in the boreal forests of northern Canada
  • The approach assumes that plants and animals have adapted to wildfires over their evolutionary period
  • We try to recreate the look and feel of wild fire in the way we harvest/cut trees
  • Use a natural disturbance template for planning and harvesting at the site
45
Q

Forestry Companies Map Out Timber Harvest to Match the Look of Fires-Landscape After Timber Harvest

A
  • Researchers found that the landscape appeared similar to a recently burned area but the functional components of soil regeneration and overall forest productivity was not sustained
  • Hopefully woodland caribou in the region find the disturbance regime less disruptive; a component of the recovery strategy
46
Q

Ecosystem Management

A
  • Is directly connected to the concepts of sustainability
  • Is based on integration of ecological, social, and economic components
  • Is increasingly being used to enhance environmental decision-making by governments and private organizations world-wide
  • Achieving societal goals in a defined geographic area for the interacting biotic communities and their abiotic attributes
  • Note that humans are a component of any ecosystem
47
Q

Ecosystem

A

The biotic communities and their associated abiotic attributes that interact in a defined geographic area

48
Q

Management

A

Achieving goals or objectives set by society at large

49
Q

Ecosystem Management Definition

A
  • Achieving societal goals in a defined geographic area for the interacting biotic communities and their abiotic attributes
  • Note that humans are a component of any ecosystem
50
Q

Stakeholders in Great Bear Rainforest

A
  • BC Government Forestry Department
  • Logging Companies
    • Together decide on the logging plans (1 year followed by 5 year followed by 20 year plan), public meetings, what to log, when
  • NGOs
  • Local Indigenous First Nations-Decisions is now in terms of logging what to leave behind and then what to cut
  • Companies-Home Depot, Lowe’s, German pulp
  • Energy surge
51
Q

Old Growth Forest

A
  • Some trees at least 1000 years old
  • Unique biological features maintain certain species
  • Large live trees
  • Large dead trees (snags)
  • Large logs on forest floor
  • Multiple vertical layers representing different tree species in some cases
52
Q

Great Bear Management Objective Sustainable Forestry

A

Art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of society on a sustainable basis.
-Economic issues
-Social issues
-Environmental issues
May be ecologically appropriate where fire regime is part of regeneration cycle.

53
Q

High grading

A
  • take best, easiest to access first, then move to smaller, less accessible trees
  • These are less economically viable, need to cut more to keep mills running, and profitable
  • Trees become less valuable, and more costly to harvest.
54
Q

Management Goal: Conservation of Biodiversity

A
  • Variety of life in all its forms, levels, and combinations within an area
  • Diversity is generally defined on four fronts:
  • Landscapes or Ecosystems
  • Communities or Habitats
  • Species
  • Genetic

Enviro 1000 (11 decks)

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