Unit 3: atoms and the periodic chart Flashcards

1
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle in the nucleus

symbol: p+

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2
Q

neutron

A

a neutral particle (has no charge) in the nucleus

symbol: n0

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3
Q

electron

A

a negatively charged “particle” outside the nucleus

(actually more of a wave than a particle)

symbol: e-

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4
Q

ion

A

a charged atom or molecule

Examples: Na+, OH-, Al+3

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5
Q

cation

A

a positively charged atom or molecule

Examples: Na+, NH4+

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6
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged atom or molecule

Examples: Cl-, SO4-2

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7
Q

isotope

A

one type (weight) of an element

A difference in the number of neutrons

Examples: carbon-12 and carbon-14

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8
Q

atomic mass

A

a weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

the bigger number on the periodic chart, with decimals

protons + # neutrons = atomic mass

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9
Q

How do you find the number of electrons?

A

find the atomic number and adjust for the charge

Example: F-

atomic number 9 + 1 extra electron = 10 e-

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10
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons

the smaller number on the periodic chart

a whole number

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11
Q

How do you find the number of protons?

A

Look at the element’s atomic number.

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12
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons?

A

Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.

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13
Q

Rutherford’s experiment

A

Shot alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin piece of gold foil. Some particles went straight through, others were deflected. Demonstrated that atoms are mostly empty space with a dense core (nucleus). Disproved the plum pudding model.

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14
Q

Bohr’s experiment

A

He electrified hydrogen gas until it glowed then separated the light with a prism. Demonstrated that there are particular wavelengths of light being given off, which is characteristic of the element. The atomic spectrum shows how much energy is released by the excited electrons falling back down to the ground state.

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15
Q

Which atom has the larger atomic radius, Ca or Ca+2?

A

Ca

They have the same number of protons. Ca has two more electrons, which makes its electron cloud larger.

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16
Q

Which atom has the larger atomic radius, F- or Na+?

A

F- They have the same number of electrons (10).

F has 9 protons and Na has 11. More protons pull in the electron cloud more, which makes Na+ the smaller atom.

17
Q

alpha decay

A

A radioactive atom breaks apart into two atoms, a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons) and the left overs.

18
Q

beta decay

A

A radioactive atom breaks apart into an atom and an electron. One of the neutrons splits into a proton and an electron.

19
Q

4 sources of the elements

A

1-4 Big Bang

5-26 stellar fusion (the star’s life)

27-92 super nova (star death)

93+ man made

20
Q

alkali metals

A

first column

+1 charge

float

react with water

form bases

21
Q

alkali earth metals

A

second column

+2 charge

not as reactive as alkali metals

22
Q

transition metals

A

middle of the periodic chart

very stable (gold, silver, copper)

bright colors (sapphire, ruby, emerald, paint, etc)

can be +1, +2, or +3 charges

23
Q

metals

A

low electronegativity

good conductors of heat and electricity

malleable and ductile

form cations

24
Q

nonmetals

A

high electronegativity

gasses or brittle solids

poor conductors

form anions

25
hallogens
7th column -1 charge very reactive tend to form acids diatomic (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
26
Noble gases
8th column no charge completely stable; don't react with anything full s and p orbitals
27
energy level
the row number
28
valence electrons
the electrons in the outer energy level same number as the column number shown as dots around the symbol in a Lewis Dot Diagram
29
electron configuration
A list of where the electrons reside in the electron cloud. Can be abbreviated using the nearest noble gas.
30
quantum numbers
the 4 variables which define an orbital: n, l, ml, ms The numbers are inserted into equations and graphed. The 3D graph shows the space where the electron is most likely to be found (the orbital).
31
orbital
the region of space where an electron is likely to be found Each orbital can hold two electrons (of opposite spin)
32
s orbital
spherical there is a single s orbital at every energy level
33
p orbital
dumbell shaped there are 3 p orbitals at every energy level except the first level
34
d orbital
various shapes, including clover leaf there are 5 d orbitals in the 3rd energy level and at all the higher energy levels
35
f orbital
various shapes 4th energy level and above there are 7 different f orbitals
36
s block elements
Alkali metals and Alkali Earth metals
37
p block elements
columns 3-8 includes all the nonmetals
38
d block elements
the transition metals because of the d orbitals, these elements have more than one stable charge Ex: Fe+2 and Fe+3 
39
f block elements
lanthanides and actinides (bottom two rows of periodic chart)