Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 3/4 > Unit 3 // AOS2 Textbook definitions > Flashcards

Unit 3 // AOS2 Textbook definitions Flashcards

The definitions of specific words that come directly from the textbook

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism capable of undertaking photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process of capturing light energy to power the production of glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mesophyll cell

A

A plant cell type found in leaves that contain large amounts of chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chloroplast

A

A membrane-bound organelle only found in plant and photoautotroph cells that is the site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stoma (pl. stomata)

A

A small pore on the leaf’s surface that opens and closes to regulate gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Light-dependent stage

A

The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy splits water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen inside the thylakoid membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened sac-like structure housed inside the chloroplast. Each thylakoid is made up of chlorophyll-containing membrane enclosing a lumen. Thylakoids are the location of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Granum (pl. grana)

A

A stack of thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

NADPH

A

A coenzyme that is a proton (H+) and electron carrier in photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Photolysis

A

The process in which molecules are broken down by the action of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Light-independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is used to form glucose in the stroma of a chloroplast. Also known as Calvin Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid substance that makes up the interior of chloroplasts. It is the site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rubisco

A

A pivotal enzyme involved in initial carbon fixation during the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The process in living organisms where inorganic carbon, typically within carbon dioxide, is converted into organic compounds such as glucose. Carbon fixation is a central part of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inorganic compound

A

A compound that does not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Organic compound

A

A compound containing a carbon-hydrogen bond, e.g. glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Photorespiration

A

A wasteful process in plants initiated by Rubisco that limits photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Affinity

A

The tendency of a molecule/atom to bind or react with another molecule/atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

C3 plants

A

Plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mesophyll cell

A

A plant cell type found in leaves that contain large amounts of chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

C4 plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin Cycle over space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bundle-sheath cell

A

A plant cell type that is the site of most of the Calvin Cycle in C4 plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CAM plants

A

Plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin Cycle over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rate (Factors affecting Photosynthesis)

A

The speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds

26
Q

Plateau

A

To reach a state where no further change occurs

27
Q

Saturation point

A

The point at which a substance (e.g. an enzyme) cannot receive more of another substance (e.g. a substrate)

28
Q

Limiting factor

A

A factor that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing

29
Q

Limiting reagent

A

A reactant that prevents the rate of reaction from increasing

29
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process by which cells create usable energy in the form of ATP from a series of biochemical reactions, involving the breakdown of glucose

30
Q

Glucose

A

A simple 6-carbon sugar molecule with the formula C6H12O6

31
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen. Involves three stages, during which glucose and O2 are converted into ATP, CO2 and water

32
Q

Anaerobic fermentation

A

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Involves glycolysis, followed by further reactions that convert pyruvate into lactic acid in animals, or ethanol and CO2 in yeast

33
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first stage of aerobic cellular respiration in which glucose is converted to two pyruvate molecules

34
Q

Krebs cycle

A

The second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where multiple reactions occur to create ATP, NADH, FADH2, and the waste product CO2.

35
Q

Electron transport chain

A

The third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, in which a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion harness the stored energy in NADH and FADH2 to generate large amounts of ATP

36
Q

Cytosol

A

The aqueous fluid that surrounds a cell’s organelles inside the plasma membrane

37
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The site of the Krebs cycle

38
Q

Crista (pl. cristae)

A

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The site of the electron transport chain

38
Q

Pyruvate

A

A three-carbon molecule that can be formed from the breakdown of glucose via glycolysis

39
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A

A coenzyme that acts as a proton (H+) and electron carrier in cellular respiration. NAD can cycle between its NAD+ and NADH forms, depending on the reaction it takes part in

40
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

A coenzyme that acts as a proton (H+) and electron carrier in cellular respiration. FAD can cycle between its FAD and FADH2 forms, depending on the reaction it takes part in

41
Q

Coenzyme A

A

A large organic non-protein molecule that plays a key role in the modification of pyruvate to allow it to enter the Krebs cycle. Also known as CoA

42
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

The product of the link reaction where pyruvate is conjugated to coenzyme A, creating the primary input into the Krebs cycle

43
Q

ATP synthase

A

An enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi

44
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms from the kingdom Fungi

45
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

The process of anaerobic fermentation in animals, where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to a lactic acid

46
Q

Lactic acid

A

A 3-carbon molecule that is the product of anaerobic fermentation in animals. Also known as lactate

47
Q

Ethanol

A

A 2-carbon alcohol molecule that is produced along with carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation in yeast, bacteria and plants

48
Q

Ethanol fermentation

A

The process of anaerobic fermentation in yeasts, where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Also known as alcohol fermentation

49
Q

Fossil fuel

A

Fuel that formed over tens of millions of years from the remains of dead organic material. Fossil fuels are considered non-renewable

50
Q

Non-renewable

A

Refers to a resource that is replenished at a slower rate than it is being used, meaning that it will eventually run out

51
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel that is created from organic material known as biomass

52
Q

Biomass

A

Organic material, including plants, animal by-products, and biological waste material. Biomass can be sourced from many industries, including farming, forestry and food manufacturing

53
Q

Renewable

A

Refers to a resource that can typically be replenished at the same (or faster) rate than it is being used, meaning it is unlikely to run out

54
Q

Carbon neutral

A

A state in which there is no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, meaning that there is a balance between the amount of CO2 that is emitted during combustion of a fuel and how much was originally absorbed during the formation process of that fuel

55
Q

Fermentation

A

The anaerobic chemical breakdown of high energy organic molecules, typically via the action of enzymes. For many plants, fermentation involves the conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide

56
Q

Bioethanol

A

A type of biofuel that is produced via the anaerobic fermentation of plants such as sugarcane or corn

57
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down the chemical bonds of a substance

58
Q

Food vs fuel debate

A

A central concern of large-scale biofuel manufacturing that questions the validity of using arable farmland to produce fuel, rather than food

59
Q

First-generation biofuels

A

Biofuels produced from edible food crops such as corn or sugarcane. These compete directly with agricultural land

60
Q

Second-generation biofuels

A

Biofuels produced from non-edible crops such as agricultural and forestry residues and municipal waste. These typically compete less with agricultural land

Biology 3/4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions