Unit 3- AOS 2: How do people learn and remember? Flashcards
How do people learn and remember?
What is learning?
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills resulting from experience; there are many approaches.
What is a behaviorist approach?
A behaviorist approach is an approach to learning that states that behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment.
What is conditioning?
Conditioning is the learning process by which an organism becomes dependent on an event occurring in its environment.
What is a stimulus?
A stimulus is an environment that triggers a response from an organism.
What is a response?
A response is a behavioral reaction to a stimulus
What is classical conditioning?
Classic conditioning is a simple form of learning that occurs through repeated associations between two stimuli to produce a conditioned response.
Use an example to distinguish between a stimulus and a response
A stimulus is an environment that triggers a response from an organism whereas a response is an organism’s behavioral reaction to a stimulus.
For example, in Pavlov’s experiment the stimulus would be food being presented and response would be the dog salivating.
Outline Pavlov’s dog experiment that demonstrated classical conditioning.
Pavlov presented food (UCS) to a dog, causing salivation (UCR). He then repeatedly paired a bell (NS) with the food.
Eventually, the bell (CS) alone triggered salivation (CR), demonstrating classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural response.
What are the three phases of the three-phase process of classical conditioning?
Before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning
What is before conditiong?
-The first stage of classical conditioning; at this stage no learning has occurred.
-In this phase there is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which is consistently produces a naturally occurring automatic response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response.
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
A response that occurs automatically/ involuntarily when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
In the before conditioning phase there is also a neutral stimulus. A neutral stimulus is a stimulus (prior to conditioning) that doesn’t produce a response.
What is during conditioning?
-The second phase of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association.
-It is the phase where the two stimuli are associated or paired
-The neutral stimulus is usually presented and immediately followed by the unconditioned stimulus, or they are presented simultaneously.
What is acquisition?
The process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)
-The associator of the neutral stimulus (NS) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
What is after conditioning?
The final stage of classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS). Through repeated association in the previous stage, the neutral stimulus on its own triggers the same unconditioned response.
What is conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A stimulus that was previously neutral but now, as a result associations with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
A learned behavior that is similar to the unconditioned response and is now triggered by the conditioned stimulus as a result of conditioning.
