Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CfE Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 3 - All Key Areas > Flashcards

Unit 3 - All Key Areas Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Cycle

A

1) observation, 2) construction of a testable hypothesis, 3) experimental design, 4) gathering, recording, analysis of data, 5) evaluation of results, 6) conclusions , 7) the formation of new hypotheses where necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Refine, Reduce, Replace

A

Three Rs of animal studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Refine

A

Ensuring competence in the experimental technique by reducing human error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reduce

A

Using fewer animals in an animal study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Replace

A

Using a different type of animal in an animal study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Peer review

A

Most scientific publications use peer review. Specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pilot Study

A

1.to develop and/or practice protocols in order to 2.ensure validity of experimental design, 3.check effectiveness of techniques, 4.find a suitable range of values for 5.identify and control confounding variables, 6.identifying suitable numbers of the independent variable, 7. to check whether results can be produced in a suitable time frame.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Confounding variable

A

Variable besides the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Distinct variable

A

Variables that are specific and unrelated to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Continuous variable

A

Variables that have a range of values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that is measured (eg numbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that is observed (eg colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ranked data

A

Observations put into an order from smallest to largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasite load

A

A measure of the number of parasite found within a host organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Positive control

A

Treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Negative control

A

Provides results in the absence of a treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Precision

A

The closeness of repeated measurements to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Accuracy

A

Data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Validity

A

Variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent values in repeats and independent replicates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Multifactorial

A

Name given to an experiment which has more than one independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In vitro

A

An investigation carried out using biological molecules or cells out with their normal biological system, e.g. cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In vivo

A

An investigation carried out using a living organism, e.g. mouse model organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Correlation

A

When two variables seem to be connected

28
Q

Causation

A

When changing the independent variable causes the effect noted in the dependent variable

29
Q

Informed consent, withdraw at any time, confidentiality

A

Ethical considerations when using human subjects in studies (3)

30
Q

Science is

A

the gathering and organisation of testable and reproducible knowledge.

31
Q

Failure to find an effect (ie a negative result}

A

is a valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed

32
Q

scientific knowledge

A

can be thought of as the current best explanation which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence.

33
Q

Conflicting data or conclusions

A

can be resolved through careful evaluation or can lead to further, more creative, experimentation.

34
Q

One-off results

A

are treated with caution.

35
Q

Scientific ideas only become accepted

A

once they have been checked independently.

36
Q

The importance of publication of methods, data, analysis and conclusions in scientific reports

A

so that others are able to repeat an experiment

37
Q

Common methods of sharing original scientific findings include

A

seminars, conference talks and posters and publishing in academic journals.

38
Q

The importance of peer review and critical evaluation

A

So that specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

39
Q

The use of review articles,

A

to summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

40
Q

Critical evaluation of science coverage in the wider media

A

to increasing the public understanding of science and to highlight the issue of misrepresentation of science in the media.

41
Q

Importance of integrity and honesty

A

the unbiased presentation of results, citing and providing references, avoiding plagiarism.

42
Q

The replication of experiments by others reduces

A

the opportunity for dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science.

43
Q

plagiarism.

A

the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own

44
Q

Avoiding plagiarism by

A

the requirement to cite and supply references.

45
Q

Ethics In human studies state that

A

participants must be given Informed consent, the right to withdraw data and confidentiality.

46
Q

The justification for scientific research include that

A
  1. the value or quality of science investigations must be justifiable in terms of the benefits of its outcome including the pursuit of scientific knowledge. 2. The risk to and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators and the environment must be taken into account.
47
Q

Legislation

A
  1. requires that many areas of scientific research are highly regulated and licensed by governments. 2. limits the potential for the misuse of studies and data.
48
Q

These confounding variables must be

A

held constant if possible, or at least monitored so that their effect on the results can be accounted for in the analysis.

49
Q

In cases where confounding variables cannot easily be controlled,

A

blocks of experimental and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be the same across the experimental and control groups.

50
Q

The control of laboratory conditions

A

allows simple experiments to be conducted more easily than in the field.

51
Q

Experiments conducted in vivo tend to be

A

more complex than those in vitro.

52
Q

Drawback of a simple experiment is

A

that its findings may not be applicable to a wider setting

53
Q

Observational studies

A

where Investigators may wish to use groups that already exist, so there is no truly independent variable.

54
Q

These ‘observational’ studies are

A

good at detecting correlation but, as they do not directly test the model, they are less useful for determining causation.

55
Q

Reason for sampling

A

where it is impractical to measure every individual

56
Q

Sample size is determined by

A

the extent of the natural variation within a population.

57
Q

A representative sample should share the same

A

mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole.

58
Q

In random sampling,

A

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.

59
Q

In systematic sampling,

A

members of a population are selected at regular intervals

60
Q

In stratified sampling,

A

the population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally.

61
Q

Placebos

A

Placebos can be included as a treatment without the presence of the independent variable being investigated.

62
Q

Placebo effect

A

Placebo effect is a measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of a patient’s expectations, rather than changes in the independent variable

63
Q

Use of box plots

A

to show variation within and between data sets

64
Q

Correlation

A

Correlation is an association and does not imply causation

65
Q

Positive correlations

A

correlation exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable.

66
Q

A negative correlation

A

exists when an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable.

67
Q

Strength of correlation

A

is proportional to spread of values from line of best fit.

CfE Advanced Higher Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions