unit 3: adulthood Flashcards
USPSTF reccs for screening for AAA for CVD PREVENTION
“selectively” for NONSMOKING men under 65-75
“routine = 1 time US for men 65-75 w HX of smoking
none for women
USPSTF low dose statin use for CVD PREVENTION recc’d for use in pts:
A) aged _______
B) have _______ risk factors for CVD
C) have a 10y CV risk of _____ or more
A) 40-75
B) one or more (lipids, DM, HTN, smoking)
C) 10%
USPSTF low dose ASA reccs for CVD AND COLORECTAL CA PREVENTION A) adults aged \_\_\_\_ B)\_\_\_\_\_% or greater 10y risk C) NOT at risk for \_\_\_\_\_\_ D) life expectancy of at least \_\_\_\_y E) pt willingness
A) 50-59 B) 10% C) bleeding D) 10y E) pt willingness MUST BE ALL OF THE ABOVE
USPSTF BP screening reccs for CVD PREVENTION:
everyone 18y and over. need to screen outside of office before initiating treatment.
USPSTF recs for counseling for CVD prevention
offer or refer adults who are overweight or obese AND have additional CVD risk factors to intensive behavioral counseling
USPSTF screening for DM for CVD prevention
A) all adults aged _____ & who are ______
A) 40-70 & overweight/obese
USPSTF screening for smoking for CVD prevention
ask ALL adults about tobacco use & encourage cessation. treat pharmacologically if needed.
smoking is linked to mutation of the _____ gene
p53
new antilipid meds (two of them) expensive, last resort, can lower LDL by 50-60%
evolocuman, alirocumab
_____ BP (sys/dia) is a better predictor of morbid events than _____ (sys/dia)
SYSTOLIC is a better predictor than DIASTOLIC
aspirin reduces risk of death from several cancers including:
colorectal, esophageal, gastric, breast, prostate, possibly lung
- potential risks outweigh benefits for those w >10% 10y risk
- antioxidant suppls do NOT reduce risk (vit E, C, beta-carotene)
primary prevention for osteoporosis
sufficient dietary calcium intake, Vitamin D supplementation, exercise
screening for osteoporosis recc’d for women ages:
65+
treatment for osteoporosis is: _______ which carry a risk of _______
biphosphonates.
femoral head fx, rare osteonecrosis of JAW
top two “contributing lifestyle FACTORS of preventable death”
tobacco & physical inactivity
5 A’s =
Ask Assess Advise Assist Arrange
metabolic syndrome is defined as presence of any three of 5 factors
1) waist msrmnt over ______
2) triglyceride levels _____+
3) HDL cholesterol less than _____/_____ (M/F)
4) BP over _____
5) fasting blood glucose over _____
1) 40 men, 35 women
2) 150
3) 40 men, 50 women
4) 130/85
5) 100
metabolic syndrome is defined as presence of 3+ of what 5 factors?
1) waist measurement >40 men, 35 women
2) triglyceride levels >150
3) HDL cholesterol <40 men, 50 women
4) BP >130/85
5) fasting blood glucose >100
lorcaserin is a pharmacologic intervention for:
weight loss in pts w BMI>30
OR
BMI >27 + one obesity-related condition (HTN, DM, HLD)
bariatric procedures reserved for pts w BMI >
40
OR
BMI 35-40 + one high-risk comorbid condition (OSA, pickwickian syndrome, cardiomyopathy, severe DM)
______ is the most common cause of injury-related deaths in older adults
accidental falls
all women ages _____ and up need to be screened for intimate partner violence and what is the question to ask?
childbearing age.
*at any time, has a partner ever hit you, kicked you or otherwise physically hurt you?” (per EB’s guide)
cues to mistreatment of older adults include:
ill-kempt appearance of pt, recurrent urgent-care visits, missed appts, suspicious physical findings, implausible explanations for injuries
what is the AUDIT tool?
Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test: questions quantity & frequency of ETOH consumption, ETOH dependency symptoms, & ETOH-related problems
3 FDA approved drugs for ETOH dependence:
1) disulfiram
2) naltrexone
3) acamprosate
buprenorphine
decreases s/s of withdrawal from opioids and is effective in reducing concomitant cocaine + opioid abuse
*risk of OD is lower than methadone & preferred in pts at high risk of methadone toxicity
framingham risk calculator for women’s CVD risk? (LOOK UP)
look up
other breast cancer risk models:
the gail model, ontario family history risk assessment tool, the manchester scoring system, the referral screening tool, the pedigree assessment tool, the family history screen
PHARMACOLOGIC primary prevention for breast cancer in high risk pts
tamoxifen & raloxifene (weigh risks & benefits)
osteopenia is classified as BMD (bone mineral density) between ____ & ____ standard deviations below the mean for young adults
1-2.5
osteopenia is classified as BMD (bone mineral density) between ____ & ____ standard deviations below the mean for young adults
1-2.5 (T score of -1 to -2.5)
osteoporosis is classified as BMD over ___ standard deviations below the mean for young adults
2.5 (T score below -2.5)
severe osteoporosis is classified as BMD below _____ AND a ______
OR as a T score below _____
- 2.5, fracture
- 3.5
FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool) predicts?
a woman’s 10y risk of having any osteoporotic fractures & the 10y risk of a hip fracture.
risk factors for osteoporosis include:
age, gender, personal hx of fracture, parental history of hip fracture, low BMI, use of oral corticosteroids, secondary osteoporosis (?? drug related?), current smoking, alcohol intake of 3+ drinks/day
**HELPFUL when deciding which women would benefit from treatment.
STD primary prevention: postponing sexual _____
debut
STD primary prevention: limiting ______
sexual partners
STD primary prevention: regular _____ or ______ condom use
latex or polyurethane
STD preventions: immunizations
guardasil, hep B, hep A (if indicated), what else?
consistent use of ______ by _______ sex partners is one of the most effective methods of preventing STDs
latex or polyurethane condoms by male sex partners
consistent condom use has shown to reduce risk of transmission of _______ by 80-95%
HIV
consistent condom use can prevent transmission of _____, _______, & ______
gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomonas
condom use decreases risk of ______ infection
HPV
____ based lubricants can weaken latex, so ______ based lubricants should be used with latex condoms
oil, water
STD secondary prevention: screen for
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, HIV, HEP B & C, syphilis
GCHBCS (go cardinals! home base for carlos syphil!)
STD tertiary prevention: limit ____ of disease, prevent _____
- impact of disease: sequalae of PID, chronic pelvic pain, infertility
- prevent transmission
quadravalent HPV vaccine:
protects against HPV types 6,11,16,18
bivalent HPV vaccine:
protects against HPV types 16,18
nine-valent HPV vaccine:
protects against HPV types 6,11,16,18,31,45,52,58
HPV routine vaccination:
girls 9-12
boys 11-12
adolescents <15 = 2 doses
HPV catch up:
after age 15 considered catch up
girls :up to age 26
boys: up to age 21
HPV vaccine prevents against:
genital warts, persistent HPV infections, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
**protection not proven for strains not included in virus or previously acquired by host
Hep B vaccine for STD prevention: routine schedule
given routinely to people ages 0-18. time btwn doses depends on which type of vaccine being given
Hep B vaccine for STD prevention: catch up sched indications
2-3 doses depending on type of vaccine.
adults without vaccination history, those at risk for sexual or blood-borne transmission, DM
Hep B rates are higher in _______ pts
DM. outbreaks AW blood glucose monitoring
hep A catch up for adults
2-3 doses depending on type of vaccine
*for adults requesting it (travelers, HCW, HIV+, homeless, IVDU, MSM, lab workers or those who may be exposed on the job)
HIV prevention
pre- exposure prophylaxis for those at high risk
post exposure prophylaxis can decrease risk
HSV prevention
acyclovir daily for those infected to reduce transmission
condoms
victims of sexual assault STI treatment
empiric =
*G&C = ceftriaxone 250mg IM
*trichomoniasis = azithro 1g PO AND metro or tinidazole 2g PO
*Hep B vaccine x3 = now, 1m, 6m
*HIV = post-exposure prophylaxis
HPV x2 = for age eligible pts not previously vax’d
IF A WOMAN DECLINES EMPIRIC TX THEN TEST FOR:
- G&C, trich, blood test for syphillis/hep B/HIV
- ideally w/i 72h s/p assault
USPSTF depression screening
only screen if you have HELP readily available to ensure accurate dx, tx, and f/u.
*if these supports are not in place DO NOT SCREEN
SECONDARY prevention: depression
PHQ2, PHQ9, Beck
TERTIARY prevention: depression
pharm, CBT, intervention groups
IPV primary prevention & risk factors
change modifiable risk factors
*<35yo, female, pregnancy, single/divorced/separated, ETOH or drug use in either partner, smoking, poverty
secondary prevention IPV
appropriate screening @ visits
counseling
tertiary prevention IPV
counseling to change behavior of perpetrator (no evidence to support),
social services to assist w legal issues,
permanent plans/solutions to limit contact
USPSTF recs screening for IPV
all women of childbearing age. provide or refer to intervention services
interventions for IPV
- encourage woman to leave when safe,
- ensure that she has a safe place to go
- counsel her to assess risks/create safety plan
- victim referal to social services & national domestic abuse hotline (1-800-799-SAFE)
do clinicians have a duty to report suspected or confirmed IPV?
No, it varies by state but if the woman is COMPETENT it is not req’d in MOST states
screening tools for IPV:
- HITS (hurt, insult, threaten, scream)
- WAST (women abuse screening tool)
- PVS (partner violence screen)
- AAS (abuse assessment screen)
- WEB (women’s experience w battering) scale
inclusion of WHAT specific question when taken w the MEDICAL HISTORY is proven to increase identification of IPV?
“have you ever been hit, kicked, punched, or otherwise hurt by someone within the past year? If so, by whom?”