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BIO 211 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the attributes of all plants?

A

multicellular, eukaryotes, photosynthetic autotrophs, have cell walls, and chloroplasts
derived traits- alternation of generations, walled spores, the cuticle for waterproofing

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2
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

cells joined together into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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3
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Nonvascular, seedless plants. This clade includes moss, liverworts, and hornworts. All three have a dominant haploid gametophyte stage, and the spores are used for dispersal. The sporophytes are dependent on the gametophyte for survival. Bryophyte gametophytes are usually ground-hugging because of the lack of vascular tissue. The sperm also require a film of water to reach the eggs, so bryophytes are normally found in moist environments.

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4
Q

What are seedless vascular plants?

A

They lack seeds but have developed vascular tissue. As in bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and require a moist environment to reach the egg. This group includes ferns. The diploid sporophyte generation is dominant, but the gametophytes are reduced and independent. Most are homosporous, so they only produce one type of spore. Spores are also used for dispersal.

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5
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

“naked seeds” or plant seeds that are not enclosed in chambers Ex. conifers They are sporophyte dominant with the gametophyte stage as reduced and dependent on surrounding sporophyte for nutrition. Spores are produced in the ovule (female gametophyte) when it is pollinated by pollen (male gametophyte). Because the sperm are not flagellated and can be carried through the wind as pollen, this eliminates the need for moist environments. Seeds are used for dispersal.

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6
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers. Seeds are used for dispersal. They are sporophyte dominant with the gametophyte stage as reduced and dependent on surrounding sporophyte for nutrition. Spores are produced in the ovule (female gametophyte) when it is pollinated by pollen (male gametophyte). Because the sperm are not flagellated and can be carried through the wind as pollen, this eliminates the need for moist environments. Unique to this clade is double fertilization and fruit.

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7
Q

What are some challenges to terrestrial life and evolutions of plants in response?

A

vascular system- easier transport of nutrients and provides plants supports so that they may grow taller and have access to sunlight
roots- anchor plant to the ground and absorb water and nutrients
leaves- allow for photosynthesis
sporophylls- carpel/stamen or cone-like structures that bear sporangia.
pollen- no need for flagellated sperm
seeds- provide the embryo with a food source and protect it until it is an advantageous place to germinate

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8
Q

What is double fertilization and what is good for?

A

1 sperm that moves down the style towards the ovary fertilizes the egg to make a diploid zygote and the other fuses with 2 nuclei in a large central cell of the ovule to make a triploid cell. This forms the endosperm, the food reserves in the cell. This ensures that the endosperm develops only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized, preventing wasted nutrients on infertile ovules.

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9
Q

What is the basic plant life cycle?

A

diploid plant sporophyte –> meiosis –> haploid spores –> mitosis –> gametophytes –> male/female gametes –> fertilization –> diploid zygote –> mitosis –> sporophyte

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10
Q

What are the structures involved in angiosperm reproduction?

A

stamen: microsporophylls contained anther (terminal sac) and filament (stalk)
petal: brightly colored and attracts pollinators
sepal: usually green and encloses the flower before it opens
carpels: megasporophylls that are the container of seeds includes stigma, style, and ovary
stigma: receives pollen
style: leads from stigma to carpel base
ovary: one or more ovules.
later: fruit: a seed that develops from ovules after fertilization, ovary walls thickens, and the ovary matures into a fruit. It protects seeds and aids in the dispersal

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11
Q

Explain the plant life cycle in angiosperm and gymnosperm.

A

mature sporophyte –> microsporophytes produce pollen and attempts to reach the megasporangium in the ovule –> as it waits the measporophyte undergoes meiosis and produces a female gametophyte –> by the time the eggs mature, the sperm cells reach and they fertilize to form an embryo –> ovule becomes a seed –> seed germinates to form sporophyte

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12
Q

What are the forms of plant asexual reproduction?

A

fragmentation- parts of parent plant develop into a whole plant
vegetative reproduction- based on vegetative growth of stems, leaves, or roots

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13
Q

Compare sexual and asexual reproduction.

A

Asexual reproduction is simpler because pollination/fertilization isn’t needed. This is great for sparsely distributed plants. However, this puts plants at risk for lower genetic variation, which limits their ability to adapt to different conditions and could lead to extinction.

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14
Q

Describe the mutualistic interactions between angiosperms and animals.

A

Natural selection favors unique flowers so that it is more likely to be pollinated regularly by an effective animal species. This causes pressures for pollinators to adapt at harvesting from them, leading to coevolution. Parallel sizes can often be found between an animal’s tongue/proboscis and the floral tube.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of all animals?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, no cell wall, tissues that develop from embryonic layers.

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16
Q

Describe Porifera.

A 
germ tissue layers: none
type of gut: none
body cavity: none
symmetry: none
segmentation: no
no true tissues; choanocytes for filter feeding, totipotent cells, reaggregation
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17
Q

Describe Cnidaria

A 
germ tissue layers: two
type of gut: incomplete
body cavity: none
symmetry: radial
segmentation: no
cnidocytes for prey capture; dimorphism with alternation of generations in the life cycle (polyp and medusa)
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18
Q

Describe Platyhelminthes.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: incomplete
body cavity: none
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: no
flattened to promote the diffusion
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19
Q

Describe Mollusca.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: no
foot, mantle, visceral mass; radula for feeding; external shell
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20
Q

Describe Annelida.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: yes
segmentation is evident externally, giving the body a ringed appearance
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21
Q

Describe Lophophorate.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: no
possess lophophore for feeding
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22
Q

Describe Arthropoda.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: yes
jointed appendages; exoskeleton, molting
23
Q

Describe Nematoda.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: psuedocoelom
symmetry: bilateral 
segmentation: no
thickened cuticle on exterior; molting
24
Q

Describe Echinodermata.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: radial
segmentation: no
water vascular system with tube feet; secondary pentamerous radial symmetry
25
Q

Describe Chordata.

A 
germ tissue layers: three
type of gut: complete
body cavity: coelom
symmetry: bilateral
segmentation: yes
pharynx with gill slits; notochord; post anal tail; dorsal hollow nerve cord
26
Q

How do you calculate SA: V ratio, and explain why the ratio decreases as objects get larger and increases as objects get smaller?

A

Calculate the SA of the object and divide it by the object’s volume. The ratio decreases as the object get larger because the volume increases faster than the SA.

27
Q

Explain how the surface area to volume ratio plays a role in regulating:

a. Rates of diffusion and osmosis
b. Gas exchange
c. Temperature

A

Having a larger SA to Volume ratio allows for faster rates of diffusion, osmosis, gas exchange, and temperature because this ratio indicates a large surface area over a smaller volume. Having a larger SA to volume ratio means losing more water, temperature, better gas exchange, and taking in more solute via diffusion.

28
Q

Given environmental conditions, predict the SA/V ratio that would be selected by natural selection, and explain how this could be a mechanism of evolution.

A

In hotter environments, having a larger surface area to volume ratio allows for better temperature regulation since the larger surface area over a smaller volume allows for fast temperature loss to keep the animal cool. Animals with this ratio will maintain an appropriate temperature can be more likely to survive and reproduce to pass on this trait. Similarly, in a colder environment having a smaller surface area to volume ratio decreases the rate of heat loss, so the animal stays warm. This increases its chances of survival and reproduction.

29
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A concentration gradient is a region along which the density of chemical substance increases or decreases. A substance diffuses down its own concentration gradient and is unaffected by others.

30
Q

Indicate the direction of energy or material movement under different conditions of membrane permeability.

A

Cell membranes are selectively permeable, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others, as a result of their phospholipid bilayer. The hydrophobic interior impedes hydrophilic compounds, ions, and polar molecules so proteins are needed to regulate their transport. However, nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane via diffusion without the help of a protein.

31
Q

Indicate the relative rate of energy or material movement under different conditions including different:

a. chemical concentrations
b. temperatures
c. permeability of membranes
d. shapes (surface-to-volume ratio)

A

a. No energy (passive transport) is needed if the molecules are moving from an area of high to low concentration. However, if molecules are moving against their concentration gradient, energy, and a carrier protein is necessary for active transport.
b. Passive transport- high to low temperature
active transport- low to high temperature
c. Nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane without an input of energy or protein. However, polar/hydrophilic compounds and ions need a protein to help pass-through (facilitated diffusion) but no energy.
d. Having a larger surface area to volume ratio increases the rates of diffusion.

32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A type of passive transport involving the movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into the available space from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

33
Q

What is passive transport?

A

the diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment.

34
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of free water across cell membranes

35
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

polar molecules and ions diffuse passively across the membrane with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane

36
Q

What is active transport?

A

uses energy to move solutes against their gradients. carrier proteins achieve this with a supply of ATP for energy.

37
Q

Describe what isotonic means and what occurs in relation between the outside surroundings and the cell.

A

Isotonic means that the same concentration is inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water across the membrane.
No changes occur to the shape of the cell. It maintains its natural state.

38
Q

Describe what hypertonic means and what occurs in relation between the outside surroundings and the cell.

A

The concentration of solute outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell, so the cell loses water and shrivels.

39
Q

Describe what hypotonic means and what occurs in relation between the outside surroundings and the cell.

A

The concentration of the solute is lower outside the cell than inside, so water enters the cell, causing it to swell and burst.

40
Q

Why do organisms osmoregulate?

A

to maintain homeostasis by controlling the solute concentrations and water balance.

41
Q

What are the four principal characteristics of chordates?

A

notochord- provides skeletal support and flexibility for movement
pharyngeal clefts- grooves that develop into pharyngeal slits to allow water to enter the mouth and exit body without having to through the digestive tract
hollow nerve cord
muscular, post-anal tail

42
Q

Apply the four principal characteristics of chordates to Cephalochordata.

A

larvae develop the notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

43
Q

Apply the four principal characteristics of chordates to Urochordata.

A

The chordate traits are more obvious at the larval stage. It sues the notochord and tail muscles to swim, but during radical metamorphosis, it reabsorbs the notochord and tail and the nervous system degenerates.

44
Q

Apply the four principal characteristics of chordates to Vertebrates.

A

These are chordates with a backbone. They a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Vertebrates are further differentiated from chordates by their vertebral column, which forms when their notochord develops into the column of bony vertebrae separated by discs. Vertebrates are the only chordates that have a brain as part of their central nervous system.

45
Q

Describe the characteristics of the gnathostome “fish.”

A

Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws. They have derived traits of a jaw to grip/slice food, enlarged forebrain that enhances smell and vision, lateral line system (organs that form along the side of the body), and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water.

46
Q

Describe adaptations made by tetrapods for terrestrial existence.

A

4 feet (limbs and digits to support weight and efficiently transmit muscular forces respectively), the head separated by the neck from the body, second vertebrae allowed head movement, bones of the pelvic girdle are fused to the backbone permitting the force of legs hitting the ground, no gills but lungs.

47
Q

Describe adaptations made by amphibians for terrestrial existence.

A

their permeable skin allows them to absorb water from their surroundings and they replaced gills with the lungs,
Most amphibians breathe through the lungs and their skin. Their skin has to stay wet in order for them to absorb oxygen so they secrete mucous to keep their skin moist and since they live in moist environments this works out.

48
Q

Describe adaptations made by reptiles for terrestrial existence.

A

scales to protect skin, lay shelled eggs so there is less dependence on aqueous environments and slows dehydration, and internal fertilization.

49
Q

Describe adaptations made by mammals for terrestrial existence.

A

mammary glands to produce milk for offspring, hair and fat layer under the skin to insulate and conserve water and temperature, kidney, endotherms, higher metabolic rate with an efficient respiratory and circulatory system, larger brain, variety of teeth sizes, and longer parental care.

50
Q

Explain how freshwater fish osmoregulate (outside salinity is less than inside the fish)?

A

Since the fish is hypertonic to the surrounding environment, water enters the fish to dilute the concentration. Because of this influx of water, the fish urinates a lot, which also causes a loss of salt. The salt is replenished by eating and active transport across the gills.

51
Q

Explain how saltwater fish osmoregulate (outside salinity is more than inside the fish)?

A

The fish is hypotonic to the environment, so it loses water to its surroundings. To replenish water, it drinks a lot of water, which also increases the salt in its body. Salt travels out of the body with active transport through the gills.

52
Q

Explain how land animals osmoregulate.

A

have waxy coverings to prevent dehydration, nocturnal to decrease evaporative water loss, and drink water/eat moist food to replenish lost water

53
Q

For different habitats (ocean, freshwater, on land, etc.), predict whether ions or water need to be conserved.

A

ocean- water
freshwater- ions
land- water

BIO 211 (5 decks)

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