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Renal/Digestive Physiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two functional types of smooth muscle

A
  1. Multi-unit

2. Unitary

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2
Q

True or False:
Multi-unit smooth muscle fibers are independent of other fibers. Each fiber is innervated by its own nerve ending and are insulated by collagen and glycoproteins

A

True

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3
Q

What is the type of muscle found in ciliary muscle of the eye, iris, pilo-erector muscles

A

Multi unit Smooth muscle

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4
Q

What is the AKA for unitary smooth muscle

A

Syncytial smooth muscle

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5
Q

Unitary smooth muscle multiple muscle fibers function as a ___ unit.

A

Single

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6
Q

This type of muscle fibers are arranged in sheets or bundles

A

Unitary smooth muscle

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7
Q

Membranes interconnected by gap junctions and found in most viscera (gut, blood vessels, uterus, ureters, bile ducts)

A

Unitary smooth muscle

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8
Q

What structure is Actin attached to?

A

Dense bodies

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9
Q

Adjacent smooth muscle cell’s dense bodies are attached to each other by

A

Intercellular proteins

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10
Q

Smooth muscle myosin interspersed amongst the

A

Actin

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11
Q

Name the Smooth Muscle Contraction properties

A

Slow cycling of myosin cross bridges
Force of contraction
Latch mechanism
Stress-relaxation

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12
Q

Smooth muscle Contraction properties slow cycling of myosin cross bridges. Frequently is much less than ____ muscle and cross bridges ___ for longer time.
Lower energy requirement of smooth muscle problem due to ___ ___ of cross b

A

Skeletal, hold

Slow cycling

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13
Q

Contraction properties:

Lower energy requirement of smooth muscle due to

A

Slow cycling of cross bridges

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14
Q

contraction properties: Smooth muscles ______ of contraction is as much or greater than _______ muscle

A

Force

Skeletal

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15
Q

Developed tension, cross-bridges are maintained for a period of time with ______. This is a ________ way to maintain tone.

Name this mechanism

A

Little additional energy
Energy efficient

Latch mechanism

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16
Q

Stress-relaxation is a response seen principally in

A

visceral unitary muscle

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17
Q

This type of contraction property response is principally seen visceral unitary muscle (gut, blood vessels, uterus, ureters, bile ducts).

A

Stress-relations

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18
Q

Smooth muscle exhibits a phenomenon called

A

Stress-relaxation

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19
Q

Smooth muscles responds to stretch only _____, then adapts to its new length.
New length retains ability to ______; which enables organs like the ____ & ____ to temporarily store contents.

A

Briefly
Contract
Stomach and bladder

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20
Q 
Contraction mechanism:
Stimulus causes increase in \_\_\_
Ca binds to \_\_\_
Ca/Calmodulin binds to & activates \_\_\_
Myosin is capable of binding to \_\_\_
A

Intracellular Ca
Calmodulin
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
Actin

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21
Q

The myosin kinase _____ is the light chains of the _______ heads.

A

Phosphorylates

Myosin

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22
Q

Relaxation mechanism: Contraction is stopped by ______ ______

A

Myosin phosphatase

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23
Q

Adding phosphate to myosin

A

Actives it for muscle contraction

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24
Q

Ca+2 Sources for muscle contraction
Almost all from _______
Poorly developed in smooth muscle _____
Rudimentary ______

A

Cell membrane, channels, ECF
Sarcoplasmic Recticulum
T-tubules called caveolae

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25
Q

Control of contraction

A

Smooth muscle can be stimulated by the Nervous system, hormones, local tissue factors and stretch

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26
Q

Autonomic fibers end in varicosities making _______ neuromuscular junctions. Nerve endings are closer to ______ smooth muscle cells as compared to visceral muscle.
Typical neurotransmitters are _____ and _____

A

Diffuse
Multi-unit
Ach, NE

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27
Q

Hormonal effects on smooth muscle stimulated by

A

Nervous system
Hormones
Local tissue factors
Stretch

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28
Q

Hormones can cause ______ or ______ based on the receptor type they bind to. Some receptors are themselves ion channels that cause _____ or _____ depending on which ion the are specific to. Some use 2nd messenger systems such as _____.

A

Contraction, dilation
Depolarization, hyperpolarization
-cAMP

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29
Q

Smooth muscle naturally maintain ____ in arterioles, metarterioles & pre-capillary sphincters

A

Tone

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30
Q

local tissue chemical factors: Vasodilation results from

A 
Lack O2
Increased CO2
H+
Lactic acid
Adenosine 
Increased body temp
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31
Q

Muscle stretch _____ the negativity of smooth muscle membrane _____ leading to more ______ at the _____ of slow waves.

A

Reduces
Potential
Depolarization
Peaks

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32
Q

Depolarization of multi-unit smooth muscle

A

No true action potentials (AP) occur
Cells - individually innervated
2 small for AP
Depolarizations = “junctional potentials”

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33
Q

_______ channels more responsible for action potentials than ______.

A

V-gated Ca+2

Na+2

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34
Q

Action potential patterns

A

Spike potentials
Slow-waves with spike potentials
Action potentials with plateaus

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35
Q

Slow waves means ______ fluctuations in membrane potentials.
Slow waves are _______

A

“Pacemaker-like”

spontaneous

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36
Q

Smooth muscle spike potential elicited by

A

External stimulus

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37
Q

Slow waves with spike potentials from

A

Intestinal smooth muscle

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38
Q

Action potential with plateau from

A

Uterus or ureter

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39
Q

Electrical activity of Gastrointestinal smooth muscle:

Depolarizing factors-

A

Stretching
Acetylcholine/parasympathetic
Gastrointestinal hormones

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40
Q

Electrical activity of Gastrointestinal smooth muscle:

Hyperpolarizing factors-

A

Norepinephrine/epinephrine/sympathetics

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41
Q

membrane potential (hyperpolarization) Stimulated by

A

Norepinephrine

Sympathetics

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42
Q

Spikes stimulated by

A

Stretch
Acetylcholine
Parasympathetics

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43
Q

membrane potential Slow waves

A

Resting

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44
Q

Principles of GI physiology

Propulsion

A

Food through GI tract

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45
Q

principles of GI physiology

Secretion

A

Digestive juices

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46
Q

Principles of GI physiology

Digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical digestion

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47
Q

Principles of GI physiology

Absorption

A

Digestive products

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48
Q

Principles of GI physiology

Circulation

A

Blood through the GI tract to circulate absorbed digestive products

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49
Q

Local, nervous, and hormonal __________ propulsion, secretion, digestion, absorption and circulation functions.

A

Control

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50
Q

Histology of GI tract wall

most external/exterior/outside part is called

A

Serosa

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51
Q

Histology:

Adventitious layer=Serosa

A

Loose areolar CT with
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels or
Adipose tissue

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52
Q

GI Histology: Longitudinal smooth muscle
Can be found in what organs?

Muscularis externa

Muscularis mucosa

A

Esophagus, stomach, jejunoileum and large intestine

Made up of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

Longitudinal smooth muscle with electric fibers

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53
Q

GI Histology
Circular smooth muscle
Found in which organs?

A

Stomach: in muscularis mucosa inner layer

Large intestine: in muscularis Externa, complete layer circular + incomplete longitudinal layer = forms Tania Coli

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54
Q

GI tract Histology
Submucosa
Submucosal meissner’s located in the and is the ________

A

Dense CT made of collagen, elastic & reticular fibers

Submucosa, Nerve plexus

55
Q

Propulsion

A

Of food through the GI tract

56
Q

Secretion

A

Of digestive juices

57
Q

Propulsion is broken down into two parts. What are they?

A

Swallowing (oropharynx)

Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine)

58
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing (mouth)
Churning (stomach)
Segmentation (small intestine)

59
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients and water to blood vessels & lymph vessels (small intestine)

Water to blood vessels (large intestine)

60
Q

Digestion:

A

Chemical and mechanical digestion

61
Q

Absorption

A

Of digestive products

62
Q

Circulation

A

Of the blood through the GI tract ( to circulate absorbed digestive products)

63
Q

Order of GI tract

A 
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum 
Jejunum
Ileum
Ascending Colon 
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Anus
64
Q

Accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver, gallbladder

65
Q

This is also known as the “Brain of the Gut”

A

Enteric Nervous system

66
Q

Name the two plexi for Enteric nervous system has

A

Myenteric

Submucosal

67
Q

Myenteric plexus is defined as

A

Between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers

68
Q

Submucosal plexus is defined as

A

Within the submucosa

69
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus, Meissner’s nerve plexus and submucosal glands are located within the

A

Submucosal layer

70
Q

Myenteric ganglia is within which layer?

A

Muscularis externa

71
Q

Muscularis contains

A

Circular & longitudinal muscle

72
Q

Mucosa contains what?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

73
Q

What does MALT stand for (mean)?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

74
Q

Ducts of glands are outside tract of

A

Pancreas

75
Q

What is contained within the serosa?

A

Areolar connective tissue

Epithelium

76
Q

Characteristics of the myenteric plexus

A

Mostly responsible for GI movement

Made of linear chain of interconnecting neurons, extends the GI tract

77
Q

Excitation increases

A

Tonic (tone) contractions
Intensity of rhythmic contractions
Velocity of wave conduction
Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (which relaxes pyloric and ileocecal sphincters)

78
Q

Submucosal plexus function

A

Control local intestinal secretion & absorption

Controls local contraction of submucosal muscles (unfolding of the mucosa)

79
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation:

Cranial parasympathetic N. (Mainly Vagus)

A

Esophagus, 1st half of Lg intestine

Pancreas

80
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation:

Sacral parasympathetic N (pelvic N.)

A

Distal Lg intestine, anus

81
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and _____ are within the _____ _____.

A

Ganglia

Enteric plexus

82
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation:

_____is largely _____ to the GI tract

A

Acetylcholine

Excitatory

83
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation:

Vagus N. Innervates

A 
Esophagus 
Stomach 
Duodenum 
Small intestine
Ilium
84
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation:

Pelvic N. Innervates

A

Defending colon

Sigmoid

85
Q

Sympathetic innervation:

_______ Neurons to the GI tract originate from T5-L2.

A

Preganglionic

86
Q

Sympathetic innervation:

_____ neurons originate from the prevertebral ganglia.

A

Postganglionic

87
Q

Sympathetic innervation:
Norepinephrine _____ intestinal tract smooth muscle mainly via the enteric plexus (except the _____ mucosa which it excites).

A

Inhibits

Muscularis

88
Q

Sympathetic system is mainly

A

Postganglionic

89
Q

Parasympathetic system is

A

Preganglionic

90
Q

Only sympathetic innervates

A

Epithelium

91
Q

Afferents from the Gut: Sensory fibers from the gut

Feedback to the ____ ____ for local control

A

Enteric plexus

92
Q

Afferents from the Gut: Sensory fibers from the gut

To the prevertebral ganglia, cord and brain stem to ____ ____ ____.

A

Mediate broader reflexes

93
Q

Afferents from the Gut: Sensory fibers from the gut

____ of Nerve limbers in the ______ nerves are _______

A

80%
Vagus
Sensory

94
Q

Afferents from the Gut: Sensory fibers from the gut

Afferents are sensitive to what 3 things?

A

Irritation of the mucosa
Distinction of the gut
Chemicals in the gut

95
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include

A

Enteric reflexes
Automatic reflexes
Higher level reflexes

96
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include
Enteric reflexes are ____ within the ____ wall ____ nervous system.
Control local gastrointestinal _____, ____, _____, and local ____ effects.

A

Entirely, Gut, Enteric

Secretions, peristalsis, mixing, inhibitory

97
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include

Autonomic reflexes _____ signals originate in the ____, prevertebral ganglia, then ____ back to the gut.

A

Sensory, gut, motor

98
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include
Example of Autonomic reflexes
Gastronomic reflex-

A

Promotes evacuation of colon

99
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include
Examples of Autonomic reflexes
Enterogastric reflex-

A

Inhibits stomach motility and secretions

100
Q

GI Reflexes: The 3 types of GI reflexes include
Examples of Autonomic reflexes
Colonoileal reflex-

A

Inhibits emptying of ideal contents into the colon

101
Q

Movements of the Colon:

Longitudinal layer of muscles are clustered in ___ bands called ____ ____.

A

3

Teniae coli

102
Q

Movements of the Colon:

3 bands of longitudinal layers is an arrangement forms _______.

A

Haustrations

103
Q

Movements of the Colon:

Repeating haustrations cause movement of _____ to improve ___ & ___ absorption.

A

Feces
Water
Electrolyte

104
Q

How long does it take material to transverse the colon?

A

8-15 hours to trav

105
Q

___ motility causes _____ absorption, and hard ____ in transverse colon cause ____.

A

Poor
Greater
Feces
Constipation

106
Q

____ motility causes less ____ and ____ (loose feces)

A

Excess
Absorption
Diarrhea

107
Q

Mass movements
Occurs a few times a day, contractile ring forms at ___ point, then ____ to that the colon ____ as a unit, flattening the ___.

A

One
Distal
Contracts
Haustrations

108
Q

Mass movements:

The effect is to move ____ ____ in bulk.

A

Fecal material in bulk

109
Q

Mass movements of colon:

When ___ moves into rectum, the desire to ____ is felt.

A

Feces

Defecate

110
Q

Food residue is also called

A

Feces

111
Q

Defecation:

Rectum is normally ____. It is a weak ____ between the ___ colon and the ____.

A

Empty
Sphincter
Sigmoid
Rectum

112
Q

Defecation:

Mass movements ___ feces past sigmoid colon and rectum. These are called what?

A

Push
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter

113
Q

Internal anal sphincter is controlled by ____ and ____ reflexes as peristaltic waves reach it.

A

Myenteric

Parasympathetic

114
Q

External anal sphincter is a ____ control; innervated by ____.

A

Voluntary

Pudendal N.

115
Q

List Types of Glands

A

Goblet (mucus) cells
Pits (crypts of Lieberkuhn in small intestine)
Tubular and complex glands

116
Q

Goblet (mucus) cells
◦ ___ celled gland located in GI tract.
◦ ___ mucus directly into lumen as a protective lubricant from physical and chemical damage.
◦ Respond to local ___ ___

A

◦ Single
◦ Secrete
◦ Mucosal irritation

117
Q

Goblet cells have these fingerlike projections.

A

Microvilli

118
Q

This part of the goblet cell contains mucin

A

Secretory vesicles

119
Q

Define the following type of gland:
Pits AKA
They contain

A

crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine

Secretory cells

120
Q

Intro to GI Hormones:

Gastrin is secreted by ___ cells of the stomach. It stimulates ___ acid secretion and gastric ____ growth.

A

“G”
Gastric
Mucosal

121
Q

Intro to GI hormones:
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Is secreted by by “_” cells of the ____ mucosa. It stimulates ___ ___ contraction, ____ gastric emptying, and ___ appetite

A 
“I”
Duodenum
Gall bladder
Slows
Inhibits
122
Q

Intro to GI hormones:
Secretin is secreted by “_” cells of the duodenum mucosa. It stimulates ___ secretion of ____, and some effect on GI motility.

A

S
Pancreatic
Bicarbonate

123
Q

Intro to GI hormones:
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Is also known as __________

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

124
Q

Intro to GI hormones:
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) aka glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
Is secreted by mucosa of the upper ____ ____. It also stimulates ___ secretion, and ____ stomach motility.

A

Small intestine
Insulin
Decreases

125
Q

Intro to GI hormones:

Motilin is secreted by the ____ and ____ duodenum during fasting. Increases ____ motility “___ ___”

A

Stomach
Upper
Gastrointestinal
“Growling stomach”

126
Q

What type of GI movement is described as propulsive movement is ___.

A

Peristalsis

127
Q

Propulsive Movements – Peristalsis

◦ Contractile ring progresses along ___ propelling contents
◦ Generally stimulated by ____, also by ___ and ___ to the epithelium
◦ Requires the ___ plexus
◦ Always moves toward the anus.

A

Tube
Distention
Parasympathetics and irritation
Myenteric

128
Q

Peristalsis is towards a ___ sphincter causes a ___ effect. Local intermittent constrictive contractions create a ___ or ___ effect.

A

Closed, churning

Chopping or shearing

129
Q

Splanchnic circulation:

Blood supply to the stomach is ___. Arterial supplies are ___, Superior and inferior ___ arteries.

A

Causally
Celiac
Mesenteric

130
Q

The following are branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

L. Colic a. - transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Sigmoid a.- sigmoid colon

Sup. Rectal a. - sup. Part of rectum

131
Q 
Valvulae conniventes (folds of Kerckring)   Villi   Microvilli (brush border)
Is found where in
A

Absorptive Gut

132
Q

What mechanism is a tension cross bridge which creates an efficient way to maintain tone?

A

Latch

133
Q

This type of smooth muscle is found in most viscera (gut, blood vessels, uterus, bile ducts)

A

Unitary smooth muscle

Renal/Digestive Physiology (2 decks)

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