Old Practice Test Flashcards by Latisha De'Bose

Smooth muscle is found in all of the following except:

Ciliary muscle of the eye
Iris
Retina
Pilo-erector muscles

Ciliary muscle of the eye
Iris
RETINA
Pilo-erector muscles

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Unitary smooth muscle is also known as

Syncytial smooth muscles

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Which of the following is true about smooth muscle:

Myosin cross bridges hold for longer time

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Unitary smooth muscle fibers are arranged in:

Sheets and Bundles

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smooth muscle membranes are connected via:

Gap junctions

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Smooth muscle contraction is

slow cycling of myosin cross bridges

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Smooth muscle contractions can

Hold longer

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What response is seen principally in visceral unitary muscle?

Stress-relaxation

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Smooth muscle have rudimentary T-tubules called:

Caveolae

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Muscle stretch reduces the negativity of the smooth muscle membrane potential leading to more:

Depolarization

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Which of the following results in smooth muscle depolarization

Stretching
Acetylcholine/parasympathetic
GI hormones
All of the above

Stretching
Acetylcholine/parasympathetic
GI hormones
ALL OF THE ABOVE

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Which of the following factors are hyper-polarizing:

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Sympathetic
All the above

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Sympathetic
ALL THE ABOVE

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What is the most external layer of the GI tract wall:

Serosa

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Which enteric NS plexus is between the longitudinal and circular muscle layer:

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

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Which enteric plexus is found within the submucosa

Meissner’s

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Excitation of the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus increases what?

Tone 
Intensity
Velocity
Release of polypeptide
ALL THE ABOVE

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What is the function of the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus?

To Control secretion and absorption

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The esophagus and 1st half of the large intestine is innervated by

Cranial Parasympathetic N.

Mainly vagus N.

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What innervated distal large intestine and anus

Pelvic N. (Sacral parasympathetic N.)

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What is largely excitatory to the GI tract?

Acetylcholine

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Afferents from the gut

Feedback to the enteric plexus for local control

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Afferents from the gut are sensitive to

Irritation of the mucosa
Distention of the gut
Chemicals in the gut
All the above

Irritation of the mucosa
Distention of the gut
Chemicals in the gut
ALL THE ABOVE

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Reflex from the stomach to promote colon evacuation

Gastrocolic reflex

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Reflex from colon and small intestine to slow gastric motility and secretion

Enterogastric reflex

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Reflex from colon to ilium emptying into the colon

Colonileal reflex

Peristalsis requires

Myenteric plexus

What are absorbed into the lymph, which goes to the thoracic duct (bypasses the liver) in the portal system

Fats

Muscles of mastication are innervated by

CN V3

What has swallowing receptors that triggers the brain stem medicated reflexes to the pharyngeal muscles

Tonsillar pillars

What occurs in order to prevent food from going into the respiratory system

Vocal cords approximate, and larynx is pulled upward

Food that fails to descend distends the esophagus initiating enteric NS mediated waves of

Secondary peristalsis

Lower esophageal sphincter and stomach relaxes is called

Perceptive relaxation

What is another name for swallowing?

Deglutition

Which of the following is an example of receptive relaxation

Lower esophageal sphincter opening

The pharynx and upper 1/3 of the esophagus is striated muscle and innervated by

CN X and IX

The bottom 2/3 of the esophagus is smooth muscle and innervated by

CN X and Enteric NS

What can be used in the increase of emptying of the GI tract

Gastrin

Fats can trigger the release of

CCK (cholecystokinin)

What increases the peristalsis of the ileum, and relaxation of the sphincter and allows material to pass into cecum

Gastroileal reflex

What is different about the histology of the colon

Longitudinal layer of muscles are clustered in 3 bands (teniae coli)

How long does it take to traverse the colon

8-15 hours

A few times a day, contractile ring forms at one point, then distal to that the colon contracts as a unit eliminated the

Haustrations

Defecation is controlled via

Myenteric and parasympathetic

Serous secretion containing ____ for lubrication

Mucin

Parasympathetic innervation produces a more

Watery secretion

Sympathetic innervation produces a more

Viscous secretion

Parietal cells secrete

``` HCl IF (intrinsic factor) ```

Peptic (chief) cells secrete

Pepsinogen

Mucus neck cells secrete

Mucus

HCL secretion by parietal cells is controlled on the basal membrane by

Na+/K+ pump

____ is activated by the acid secreted from oxyntic cells (parietal)

Pepsinogen

What is essential for the absorption of B12

IF (intrinsic factor)

What is a hormone that controls HCl secretion

Gastrin

Which of the following is NOT part of the mechanism of gastrin cell stimulation of HCl Protein reaching the antrum of the stomach stimulates gastrin cells to release gastrin Gastrin activates ECL cell to release histamines Histamine causes release of HCl from parietal cells All the above

Protein reaching the antrum of the stomach stimulates gastrin cells to release gastrin Gastrin activates ECL cell to release histamines Histamine causes release of HCl from parietal cells ALL THE ABOVE

Which is the highest percent of gastric secretions

Gastric phase

What can be used in order to slow stomach secretions

Secretin

CCK from the duodenum is response to chyme in the small intestine will

Increase enzyme secretion

Secretin from the duodenum in response to acid will

Increase bicarb

Hepatocytes (liver cells) secrete bile acids, and cholesterol

Continually

Secretin stimulates ___ ___ cells to secrete water and bicarbonate

Biliary ductal

What secretes water and electrolytes

Enterocytes

If the large intestine is secreting water and electrolytes then what is occurring

Diarrhea

Principle carb in the diet include Sucrose Lactose Starches All the above

Sucrose Lactose Starches ALL THE ABOVE

Enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium contain enzymes in their brush border ``` ◦ Lactase ◦ Sucrase ◦ Maltase ◦ α- dextrinase All the above ```

``` ◦ Lactase ◦ Sucrase ◦ Maltase ◦ α- dextrinase ALL THE ABOVE ```

Pepsinogen and stomach acids (pH 2-3) digest principally

Collagen from meat

Emulsification by bile acids and lecithin occurs in the

SI (small intestine)

Microvilli are activated by

Actin

In the absorption of carbs what is co-transported with Na+

Glucose and Galactose

What is passively transported with Na+

Fructose

Fats dissolve into the ___, then are transported to smooth ER

Plasma membrane

Fats dissolve into the plasma membrane then are transported to ___

Smooth ER

Absorption of water in the colon occurs via

Osmosis

In the large intestines what are kept very tight in order to prevent backleak of water

Tight junctions

What is a complication in the esophagus commonly seen with smokers, metaplasia occurs (squamous to columnar)

Barret esophagus

What intestinal disorder results in swollen esophagus, incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and dysphasia?

Achalasia

What intestinal disorder results in sensitivity to gluten found in wheat and other grains

Celiac disease

Skin lesions in small and large intestines is called

Crohn’s disease

Ulcerative colitis is continuous involvement that begins in

Rectum

Cephalon phase secretes gastrin promoted by sight/small of food is controlled via

Vagus N

Gastric phase of gastric secretions results in what reflexes

Vasovagal and Enteric

What phase of gastric secretions is caused mainly by secretion of gastrin by the duodenum

Intestinal phase

If HCl is high the pancreases will release

Secretin

Which of the following does the pancreas NOT secrete?

Maltase

Why does Pepsin stop working once it enters the duodenum?

Pepsin requires acid to work to bicarbonate, which is secreted in the duodenum, causes pepsin to stop working

Which salivary gland produces mainly serous secretion with no mucus?

Parotid

Salivary secretion is due to a two-part process, which of the following is part of the second secretion? Not exact question but is similar. Cl- passive absorption K+ active secretion HCO3- secretion All the above

Cl- passive absorption K+ active secretion HCO3- secretion ALL THE ABOVE

Lysosome and thyocyanate ion function in saliva as

Antibacterial

CSF is an example of which fluid compartment?

Transcellular

True or False: Sweat is an example of sensible water loss?

True

Na+ absorption active transport in the basolateral membrane is stimulated by

Aldosterone

How does aldosterone impact absorption’s in the GI?

Increase Na+ absorption