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Renal/Digestive Physiology > Old Practice Test > Flashcards

Old Practice Test Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth muscle is found in all of the following except:

Ciliary muscle of the eye
Iris
Retina
Pilo-erector muscles

A

Ciliary muscle of the eye
Iris
RETINA
Pilo-erector muscles

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2
Q

Unitary smooth muscle is also known as

A

Syncytial smooth muscles

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3
Q

Which of the following is true about smooth muscle:

A

Myosin cross bridges hold for longer time

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4
Q

Unitary smooth muscle fibers are arranged in:

A

Sheets and Bundles

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5
Q

smooth muscle membranes are connected via:

A

Gap junctions

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6
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is

A

slow cycling of myosin cross bridges

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7
Q

Smooth muscle contractions can

A

Hold longer

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8
Q

What response is seen principally in visceral unitary muscle?

A

Stress-relaxation

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9
Q

Smooth muscle have rudimentary T-tubules called:

A

Caveolae

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10
Q

Muscle stretch reduces the negativity of the smooth muscle membrane potential leading to more:

A

Depolarization

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11
Q

Which of the following results in smooth muscle depolarization

Stretching
Acetylcholine/parasympathetic
GI hormones
All of the above

A

Stretching
Acetylcholine/parasympathetic
GI hormones
ALL OF THE ABOVE

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12
Q

Which of the following factors are hyper-polarizing:

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Sympathetic
All the above

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Sympathetic
ALL THE ABOVE

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13
Q

What is the most external layer of the GI tract wall:

A

Serosa

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14
Q

Which enteric NS plexus is between the longitudinal and circular muscle layer:

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

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15
Q

Which enteric plexus is found within the submucosa

A

Meissner’s

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16
Q

Excitation of the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus increases what?

A 
Tone 
Intensity
Velocity
Release of polypeptide
ALL THE ABOVE
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17
Q

What is the function of the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus?

A

To Control secretion and absorption

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18
Q

The esophagus and 1st half of the large intestine is innervated by

A

Cranial Parasympathetic N.

Mainly vagus N.

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19
Q

What innervated distal large intestine and anus

A

Pelvic N. (Sacral parasympathetic N.)

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20
Q

What is largely excitatory to the GI tract?

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Afferents from the gut

A

Feedback to the enteric plexus for local control

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22
Q

Afferents from the gut are sensitive to

Irritation of the mucosa
Distention of the gut
Chemicals in the gut
All the above

A

Irritation of the mucosa
Distention of the gut
Chemicals in the gut
ALL THE ABOVE

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23
Q

Reflex from the stomach to promote colon evacuation

A

Gastrocolic reflex

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24
Q

Reflex from colon and small intestine to slow gastric motility and secretion

A

Enterogastric reflex

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25
Q

Reflex from colon to ilium emptying into the colon

A

Colonileal reflex

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26
Q

Peristalsis requires

A

Myenteric plexus

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27
Q

What are absorbed into the lymph, which goes to the thoracic duct (bypasses the liver) in the portal system

A

Fats

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28
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by

A

CN V3

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29
Q

What has swallowing receptors that triggers the brain stem medicated reflexes to the pharyngeal muscles

A

Tonsillar pillars

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30
Q

What occurs in order to prevent food from going into the respiratory system

A

Vocal cords approximate, and larynx is pulled upward

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31
Q

Food that fails to descend distends the esophagus initiating enteric NS mediated waves of

A

Secondary peristalsis

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32
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter and stomach relaxes is called

A

Perceptive relaxation

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33
Q

What is another name for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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34
Q

Which of the following is an example of receptive relaxation

A

Lower esophageal sphincter opening

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35
Q

The pharynx and upper 1/3 of the esophagus is striated muscle and innervated by

A

CN X and IX

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36
Q

The bottom 2/3 of the esophagus is smooth muscle and innervated by

A

CN X and Enteric NS

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37
Q

What can be used in the increase of emptying of the GI tract

A

Gastrin

38
Q

Fats can trigger the release of

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

39
Q

What increases the peristalsis of the ileum, and relaxation of the sphincter and allows material to pass into cecum

A

Gastroileal reflex

40
Q

What is different about the histology of the colon

A

Longitudinal layer of muscles are clustered in 3 bands (teniae coli)

41
Q

How long does it take to traverse the colon

A

8-15 hours

42
Q

A few times a day, contractile ring forms at one point, then distal to that the colon contracts as a unit eliminated the

A

Haustrations

43
Q

Defecation is controlled via

A

Myenteric and parasympathetic

44
Q

Serous secretion containing ____ for lubrication

A

Mucin

45
Q

Parasympathetic innervation produces a more

A

Watery secretion

46
Q

Sympathetic innervation produces a more

A

Viscous secretion

47
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A 
HCl
IF (intrinsic factor)
48
Q

Peptic (chief) cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

49
Q

Mucus neck cells secrete

A

Mucus

50
Q

HCL secretion by parietal cells is controlled on the basal membrane by

A

Na+/K+ pump

51
Q

____ is activated by the acid secreted from oxyntic cells (parietal)

A

Pepsinogen

52
Q

What is essential for the absorption of B12

A

IF (intrinsic factor)

53
Q

What is a hormone that controls HCl secretion

A

Gastrin

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the mechanism of gastrin cell stimulation of HCl

Protein reaching the antrum of the stomach stimulates gastrin cells to release gastrin
Gastrin activates ECL cell to release histamines
Histamine causes release of HCl from parietal cells
All the above

A

Protein reaching the antrum of the stomach stimulates gastrin cells to release gastrin
Gastrin activates ECL cell to release histamines
Histamine causes release of HCl from parietal cells
ALL THE ABOVE

55
Q

Which is the highest percent of gastric secretions

A

Gastric phase

56
Q

What can be used in order to slow stomach secretions

A

Secretin

57
Q

CCK from the duodenum is response to chyme in the small intestine will

A

Increase enzyme secretion

58
Q

Secretin from the duodenum in response to acid will

A

Increase bicarb

59
Q

Hepatocytes (liver cells) secrete bile acids, and cholesterol

A

Continually

60
Q

Secretin stimulates ___ ___ cells to secrete water and bicarbonate

A

Biliary ductal

61
Q

What secretes water and electrolytes

A

Enterocytes

62
Q

If the large intestine is secreting water and electrolytes then what is occurring

A

Diarrhea

63
Q

Principle carb in the diet include

Sucrose
Lactose
Starches
All the above

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Starches
ALL THE ABOVE

64
Q

Enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium contain enzymes in their brush border

◦ Lactase 
◦ Sucrase 
◦ Maltase 
◦ α- dextrinase
All the above
A 
◦ Lactase 
◦ Sucrase 
◦ Maltase 
◦ α- dextrinase
ALL THE ABOVE
65
Q

Pepsinogen and stomach acids (pH 2-3) digest principally

A

Collagen from meat

66
Q

Emulsification by bile acids and lecithin occurs in the

A

SI (small intestine)

67
Q

Microvilli are activated by

A

Actin

68
Q

In the absorption of carbs what is co-transported with Na+

A

Glucose and Galactose

69
Q

What is passively transported with Na+

A

Fructose

70
Q

Fats dissolve into the ___, then are transported to smooth ER

A

Plasma membrane

71
Q

Fats dissolve into the plasma membrane then are transported to ___

A

Smooth ER

72
Q

Absorption of water in the colon occurs via

A

Osmosis

73
Q

In the large intestines what are kept very tight in order to prevent backleak of water

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

What is a complication in the esophagus commonly seen with smokers, metaplasia occurs (squamous to columnar)

A

Barret esophagus

75
Q

What intestinal disorder results in swollen esophagus, incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, and dysphasia?

A

Achalasia

76
Q

What intestinal disorder results in sensitivity to gluten found in wheat and other grains

A

Celiac disease

77
Q

Skin lesions in small and large intestines is called

A

Crohn’s disease

78
Q

Ulcerative colitis is continuous involvement that begins in

A

Rectum

79
Q

Cephalon phase secretes gastrin promoted by sight/small of food is controlled via

A

Vagus N

80
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretions results in what reflexes

A

Vasovagal and Enteric

81
Q

What phase of gastric secretions is caused mainly by secretion of gastrin by the duodenum

A

Intestinal phase

82
Q

If HCl is high the pancreases will release

A

Secretin

83
Q

Which of the following does the pancreas NOT secrete?

A

Maltase

84
Q

Why does Pepsin stop working once it enters the duodenum?

A

Pepsin requires acid to work to bicarbonate, which is secreted in the duodenum, causes pepsin to stop working

85
Q

Which salivary gland produces mainly serous secretion with no mucus?

A

Parotid

86
Q

Salivary secretion is due to a two-part process, which of the following is part of the second secretion? Not exact question but is similar.

Cl- passive absorption
K+ active secretion
HCO3- secretion
All the above

A

Cl- passive absorption
K+ active secretion
HCO3- secretion
ALL THE ABOVE

87
Q

Lysosome and thyocyanate ion function in saliva as

A

Antibacterial

88
Q

CSF is an example of which fluid compartment?

A

Transcellular

89
Q

True or False: Sweat is an example of sensible water loss?

A

True

90
Q

Na+ absorption active transport in the basolateral membrane is stimulated by

A

Aldosterone

91
Q

How does aldosterone impact absorption’s in the GI?

A

Increase Na+ absorption

Renal/Digestive Physiology (2 decks)

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