Unit 3 Flashcards
Mitochondrial mutations affect some tissues more than others. Why?
Which is more affected?
higher/lower energy requirements
Cells with the higher need
Edema is _____ of fluid in the _______ spaces.
Accumulation
Interstitial
Effusion is accumulation of fluid in
Body cavities
Edema may be ____ or ____. Severe systemic edema is called _____.
Localized
Systemic
Anasarca
Edema can be divided into 2 groups:
A. Non-inflammatory : _____ - altered ____ gradient
B. Inflammatory: due to increased ____ _____ usually from inflammation. It can also be seen in ____ endothelial _____ (burns, sepsis).
A. Transudate, pressure B. Exudate vascular permeability diffuse injury
Edema Transudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -
A. Low
B. Few or none
C. ~ = Plasma
Edema Exudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -
A. High
B. Increased numbers
C. «_space;Plasma
Examples of protein
Albumin,
Globulins 36%,
Fribrinogin 4%
Non inflammatory edema type
Transudate
Inflammatory edema type
Exudate
Non-inflammatory edema results from Altered ______ or _____.
INTRA-vascular hydrostatic
Osmotic pressure
What is the most common cause of systemic edema. Caused by _____ venous pressure due to _____ failure.
CHF
Increased
Pump
Right sided failure starts with
Peripheral edema
Left-sided failure starts with
Pulmonary edema
Decreased intravascular Osmotic Pressure
Water moves from Intravascular space in response to Low albumin levels
Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure: water moves from the intravascular space in response to ____ _______.
Low albumin levels (plasma protein levels)
Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure= low albumin levels seen in what conditions?
Nephrotic
Syndrome
Cirrhosis (not enough Albumin)
Severe protein malnutrition (#1 source of protein in muscle)
Sodium and water retention:
Obligatory water retention, Na follows results in _____.
Reduced osmotic pressure.
In cases of Kidney disorders & Cardiovascular disorders water retention leads to ____ ____ ____
decrease renal perfusion
What condition results from water retention?
congenital heart failure (CHF)
________ obstruction due to trauma, fibrosis, invasive tumors, post-treatment & some infections, which results in _______ in the defected body part.
Lymphatic
Lymphedema
Lymphatic obstruction is due to
Results in _____ in affected body part.
Trauma
Fibrosis
Invasive tumors
In post-treatment & some infections
Lymphedema
How is liver cirrhosis involved with protein?
Patients with sever protein deficiency (malnutrition) are Not consuming ________.
Its not making enough albumin so levels drop
Enough proteins
Maternal transmission
Mitochondria all maternal,
Spermatozoa not much mitochondria
Mutations in Mitochondrial genome are transmitted _____. ____ transmit the mutation while sons don’t.
Maternally
Daughters
Mitochondria division is _____ of mitosis and can be induced by _____ needs.
Independent
Metabolic
Cells with normal or mutated mitochondria has a ____ distribution. Therefore, the _____ of the mutation is _____.
Random (variable)
Expression
Unpredictable
Mitochondrial genes codes for ___ ___ ___. So, mutations effect cells dependent on ____.
Energy metabolism Nerves Muscles Lever Heart Kidney
Mitochondrial genes code for ____ so mutations effect energy dependent cells.
Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy causes
Blindness
Neurological dysfunction
Cardiac conduction defects
A subset of NIDDM show a maternal transmission pattern & maternally transmission of mitochondrial _____ are both associated with ____.
myopathies
Mitochondria DNA defect
Unaffected father, affected mother will have affected or unaffected children?
Affected
Affected father & unaffected mother will have affected or unaffected children?
Why?
Unaffected
Only affected mom can transmit or pass on mitochondrial defect.
Males carry what type of mom’s DNA?
Males can only a ____ of the defect.
MtDNA (mitochondrial)
Carrier
Mitochondrial (mt) disorder vary depending on
# of effected mt present in a cell Cell type
Classification of Mitochondrial myopthies
Mitochondrial encephalo-myopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like syndrome (MELAS)
Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF)
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)
Chronic progressive external ophthalmologist (CPEO)
Classification of non-myopathic
Diabetes mellitus & deafness (DAD)
Leigh syndrome, subacute sclerosing encephalopathy
Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (MNGIE)
Familial Hypercholesterolemia results from ____ defect in the gene for the ____ receptor or rector function.
Autosomal dominant
LDL
De-novo cholesterol synthesis is suppressed by exogenous ____ intake.
This defect functions is ____
Cholesterol
Lost + elevated cholesterol levels
Hyperemia is an _____ due to augmented in flow from _____. The tissue is _____ due to oversupply with ______ blood. Happens in ___ & ___.
active process, Arteriolar dilation
Redder, oxygenated
Inflammation, physical exercise
Subcutaneous edema can be diffused or local. It’s movement is often ____ by ____; a ____ edema (typical of CHF).
Influenced, gravity, dependent
Finger pressure displaces the ____ ____ and leaves a _____.
Interstitial fluid, depression
Finger pressure leaving a depression is a sign of ____.
Pitting edema
Renal dysfunction with edema shows in parts of the body containing ____ ____. This type of CT found in eye lids is called _____.
Loss CT
Eye lids
Periorbital edema
______ edema seen in left ventricle failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pulmonary ____ infections.
Pulmonary, inflammatory
A product of pulmonary edema is ____ with prominent collections of frothy, blood tinged interstitial fluid.
Wet heavy lung tissue
Localized/generalized produces ____ ____ and distended Geri with evidence of intracranial vascular ____, or brain tissue ____.
Sulci narrowed
Compression
Herniation
Hypoproteinemia associated edema is ___ but particularly in ____
Results in ____ collection; a condition called ___.
Systemic
Kwashiorkor
Intraperitoneal
Ascites
Edema of solid organs reveal themselves as ____ size & ____ of organs.
Size
Weight
Hyperemia is an ____ process due to augmented inflow from _____ dilation. Tissue becomes reddish as due to engorgement (oversupply) with ____ blood.
Active
Arteriolar
Oxygenated
Congestion is a passive process result of ____ outflow due to venous ____. Tissues are ____ because the build up of deoxygenated blood.
Restricted
Obstruction
Cyanotic (blue)
Heart: Acute passive congestion
Venous obstruction
Progressive CHF
Heart: Chronic passive congestion
Lungs due to left ventricle failure (LVF)
Liver & lower extremities due to right ventricle failure (RVF)
Lung: LV failure causes capillary engorgement, alveolar transudate and interstital edema.
Acute pulmonary congestion
Lung: CHF leads to collections of hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells) in edematous fibrotic septa.
Chronic pulmonary congestion
Liver: involvement occurs with ___ or ___.
Right heart failure
Hepatic vein thrombosis
Centrilobar ischemic necrosis
Liver: Acute hepatic congestion
Variable degrees of necrosis
Liver: chronic passive hepatic congestion
Occurred when blood exits the intravascular space due to a defect in the vessel wall.
May be external (Lg retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal)or internal (sm-bruise) resulting in a hematoma, and potentially fatal.
An insignificant injury- seen in a number of hemorrhagic diatheses
Hemorrhage
Categories of Hemorrhage
Petechiae
Purpua
Ecchymoses
Seen in the skin, serosal surfaces or mucous membranes they are indicative of elevated intravascular pressure, thrombocytopenia and or a platelets or clotting factor defect
Petechiae
Large reddish (bleeding in the skin), Seen in trauma, vasculitis or vascular fragility
Purpura
Bruises associated with trauma but may occur with minimal trauma with clotting defects
Ecchymoses
Life-threatening infection that occurs when the bacteria, Neisseria meningitis invades in blood stream. Bleeding in the skin, occurs & tissue become necrotic or gangrenous.
Meningococcemia
Clinical significance of ____ depends on the ___ & ___ of blood loss.
Hemorrhage, Volume, Rate
