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Gen Path > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial mutations affect some tissues more than others. Why?

Which is more affected?

A

higher/lower energy requirements

Cells with the higher need

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2
Q

Edema is _____ of fluid in the _______ spaces.

A

Accumulation

Interstitial

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3
Q

Effusion is accumulation of fluid in

A

Body cavities

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4
Q

Edema may be ____ or ____. Severe systemic edema is called _____.

A

Localized
Systemic
Anasarca

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5
Q

Edema can be divided into 2 groups:
A. Non-inflammatory : _____ - altered ____ gradient
B. Inflammatory: due to increased ____ _____ usually from inflammation. It can also be seen in ____ endothelial _____ (burns, sepsis).

A 
A. Transudate, pressure 
B. Exudate
vascular permeability 
diffuse 
injury
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6
Q

Edema Transudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -

A

A. Low
B. Few or none
C. ~ = Plasma

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7
Q

Edema Exudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -

A

A. High
B. Increased numbers
C. &laquo_space;Plasma

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8
Q

Examples of protein

A

Albumin,
Globulins 36%,
Fribrinogin 4%

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9
Q

Non inflammatory edema type

A

Transudate

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10
Q

Inflammatory edema type

A

Exudate

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11
Q

Non-inflammatory edema results from Altered ______ or _____.

A

INTRA-vascular hydrostatic

Osmotic pressure

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of systemic edema. Caused by _____ venous pressure due to _____ failure.

A

CHF
Increased
Pump

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13
Q

Right sided failure starts with

A

Peripheral edema

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14
Q

Left-sided failure starts with

A

Pulmonary edema

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15
Q

Decreased intravascular Osmotic Pressure

A

Water moves from Intravascular space in response to Low albumin levels

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16
Q

Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure: water moves from the intravascular space in response to ____ _______.

A

Low albumin levels (plasma protein levels)

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17
Q

Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure= low albumin levels seen in what conditions?

A

Nephrotic
Syndrome
Cirrhosis (not enough Albumin)
Severe protein malnutrition (#1 source of protein in muscle)

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18
Q

Sodium and water retention:

Obligatory water retention, Na follows results in _____.

A

Reduced osmotic pressure.

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19
Q

In cases of Kidney disorders & Cardiovascular disorders water retention leads to ____ ____ ____

A

decrease renal perfusion

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20
Q

What condition results from water retention?

A

congenital heart failure (CHF)

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21
Q

________ obstruction due to trauma, fibrosis, invasive tumors, post-treatment & some infections, which results in _______ in the defected body part.

A

Lymphatic

Lymphedema

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22
Q

Lymphatic obstruction is due to

Results in _____ in affected body part.

A

Trauma
Fibrosis
Invasive tumors
In post-treatment & some infections

Lymphedema

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23
Q

How is liver cirrhosis involved with protein?

Patients with sever protein deficiency (malnutrition) are Not consuming ________.

A

Its not making enough albumin so levels drop

Enough proteins

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24
Q

Maternal transmission

A

Mitochondria all maternal,

Spermatozoa not much mitochondria

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24
Q

Mutations in Mitochondrial genome are transmitted _____. ____ transmit the mutation while sons don’t.

A

Maternally

Daughters

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24
Q

Mitochondria division is _____ of mitosis and can be induced by _____ needs.

A

Independent

Metabolic

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24
Q

Cells with normal or mutated mitochondria has a ____ distribution. Therefore, the _____ of the mutation is _____.

A

Random (variable)
Expression
Unpredictable

24
Q

Mitochondrial genes codes for ___ ___ ___. So, mutations effect cells dependent on ____.

A 
Energy metabolism
Nerves
Muscles
Lever
Heart 
Kidney
25
Q

Mitochondrial genes code for ____ so mutations effect energy dependent cells.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

26
Q

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy causes

A

Blindness
Neurological dysfunction
Cardiac conduction defects

27
Q

A subset of NIDDM show a maternal transmission pattern & maternally transmission of mitochondrial _____ are both associated with ____.

A

myopathies

Mitochondria DNA defect

28
Q

Unaffected father, affected mother will have affected or unaffected children?

A

Affected

29
Q

Affected father & unaffected mother will have affected or unaffected children?

Why?

A

Unaffected

Only affected mom can transmit or pass on mitochondrial defect.

30
Q

Males carry what type of mom’s DNA?

Males can only a ____ of the defect.

A

MtDNA (mitochondrial)

Carrier

31
Q

Mitochondrial (mt) disorder vary depending on

A 
# of effected mt present in a cell
Cell type
32
Q

Classification of Mitochondrial myopthies

A

Mitochondrial encephalo-myopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like syndrome (MELAS)

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF)

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)

Chronic progressive external ophthalmologist (CPEO)

33
Q

Classification of non-myopathic

A

Diabetes mellitus & deafness (DAD)
Leigh syndrome, subacute sclerosing encephalopathy
Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (MNGIE)

34
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia results from ____ defect in the gene for the ____ receptor or rector function.

A

Autosomal dominant

LDL

35
Q

De-novo cholesterol synthesis is suppressed by exogenous ____ intake.

This defect functions is ____

A

Cholesterol

Lost + elevated cholesterol levels

36
Q

Hyperemia is an _____ due to augmented in flow from _____. The tissue is _____ due to oversupply with ______ blood. Happens in ___ & ___.

A

active process, Arteriolar dilation
Redder, oxygenated
Inflammation, physical exercise

37
Q

Subcutaneous edema can be diffused or local. It’s movement is often ____ by ____; a ____ edema (typical of CHF).

A

Influenced, gravity, dependent

38
Q

Finger pressure displaces the ____ ____ and leaves a _____.

A

Interstitial fluid, depression

39
Q

Finger pressure leaving a depression is a sign of ____.

A

Pitting edema

40
Q

Renal dysfunction with edema shows in parts of the body containing ____ ____. This type of CT found in eye lids is called _____.

A

Loss CT
Eye lids
Periorbital edema

41
Q

______ edema seen in left ventricle failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pulmonary ____ infections.

A

Pulmonary, inflammatory

42
Q

A product of pulmonary edema is ____ with prominent collections of frothy, blood tinged interstitial fluid.

A

Wet heavy lung tissue

43
Q

Localized/generalized produces ____ ____ and distended Geri with evidence of intracranial vascular ____, or brain tissue ____.

A

Sulci narrowed
Compression
Herniation

44
Q

Hypoproteinemia associated edema is ___ but particularly in ____
Results in ____ collection; a condition called ___.

A

Systemic
Kwashiorkor
Intraperitoneal
Ascites

45
Q

Edema of solid organs reveal themselves as ____ size & ____ of organs.

A

Size

Weight

46
Q

Hyperemia is an ____ process due to augmented inflow from _____ dilation. Tissue becomes reddish as due to engorgement (oversupply) with ____ blood.

A

Active
Arteriolar
Oxygenated

47
Q

Congestion is a passive process result of ____ outflow due to venous ____. Tissues are ____ because the build up of deoxygenated blood.

A

Restricted
Obstruction
Cyanotic (blue)

48
Q

Heart: Acute passive congestion

A

Venous obstruction

Progressive CHF

49
Q

Heart: Chronic passive congestion

A

Lungs due to left ventricle failure (LVF)

Liver & lower extremities due to right ventricle failure (RVF)

50
Q

Lung: LV failure causes capillary engorgement, alveolar transudate and interstital edema.

A

Acute pulmonary congestion

51
Q

Lung: CHF leads to collections of hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells) in edematous fibrotic septa.

A

Chronic pulmonary congestion

52
Q

Liver: involvement occurs with ___ or ___.

A

Right heart failure

Hepatic vein thrombosis

53
Q

Centrilobar ischemic necrosis

A

Liver: Acute hepatic congestion

54
Q

Variable degrees of necrosis

A

Liver: chronic passive hepatic congestion

55
Q

Occurred when blood exits the intravascular space due to a defect in the vessel wall.

May be external (Lg retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal)or internal (sm-bruise) resulting in a hematoma, and potentially fatal.

An insignificant injury- seen in a number of hemorrhagic diatheses

A

Hemorrhage

56
Q

Categories of Hemorrhage

A

Petechiae
Purpua
Ecchymoses

57
Q

Seen in the skin, serosal surfaces or mucous membranes they are indicative of elevated intravascular pressure, thrombocytopenia and or a platelets or clotting factor defect

A

Petechiae

58
Q

Large reddish (bleeding in the skin), Seen in trauma, vasculitis or vascular fragility

A

Purpura

59
Q

Bruises associated with trauma but may occur with minimal trauma with clotting defects

A

Ecchymoses

60
Q

Life-threatening infection that occurs when the bacteria, Neisseria meningitis invades in blood stream. Bleeding in the skin, occurs & tissue become necrotic or gangrenous.

A

Meningococcemia

61
Q

Clinical significance of ____ depends on the ___ & ___ of blood loss.

A

Hemorrhage, Volume, Rate

Gen Path (2 decks)

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