Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?

A

An aldose contains an aldehyde functionality

A Ketose contains a ketone functionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the formula for Carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 3 functions that carbohydrates fulfill?

A

Energy source and energy storage

Structural component of cell walls and exoskeletons

Informational molecules in cell-cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Carbohydrates can be _________ linked with proteins to form glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Covalently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____ have the same chemical formula but different structures

A

Isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ are stereoisomers that are not mirror images and have different physical properties

A

Diastereomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

A

Epimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mannose is an ______ of glucose at carbon ____

A

Epimer; Carbon 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

galactose is an _______ at Carbon ______

A

Epimer; Carbon 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ is the standard five carbon sugar

_______ is the standard 6 carbon sugar

A

Ribose

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fructose is a _______ form of glucose

A

Ketose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Galactose is an ______ of glucose

Mannose is an ______ of glucose

A

Epimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
7 examples of aldose 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C3- molecule)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C4)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)
A 
Glyceraldehyde (C3)
Erythrose (C4)
Ribose (C5)
Deoxyribose (C5)
Glucose (C6)
Galactose (C6)
Mannose (C6)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
What are the examples of ketoses 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C3)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C7)
A 
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) (C3)
Ribulose (C5)
Xylulose (C5)
Fructose (C6)
Sedoheptulose (C7)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aldehyde and ketone carbons are ________

A

Electrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alcohol oxygen atom is ________

A

Nucleophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When aldehydes are attacked by alcohols, _______ form

A

Hemiacetals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When ketones are attacked by alcohols, ______ form

A

Hemiketals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cyclization of sugar forms _______

A

Anomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aldosugar anomers differ at Carbon ______ while ketoanomers differ at Carbon _______

A

One; Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are six members oxygen-containing rings called?

A

Pyranoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are five membered oxygen containing rings called?

A

Furanoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What carbon is involved in cyclization of glucose?

A

Carbon 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What test allows detection of reducing sugars such as glucose?

A

The Fehlings test

And the tollens test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are there carriers for sugar phosphates in plasma membrane of cells?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_______ makes sugars anionic

A

Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are key intermediates in energy generation and biosynthesis?

A

Phosphorylated sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two sugar molecules can be joined via a ________ bond

A

Glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A glycosidic bond forms between an _______ carbon and a _______ carbon

A

Anomeric carbon and a hydroxyl carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The glycosidic bond between monomers is _____ reactive than the hemiacetal at the second monomer

A

Less reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The condensation of two glucose molecules occurs between carbon _____ and carbon _____ and forms a disaccharide called ________

A

Carbon 1 and 4

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the nonreducing disaccharides?

A

Lactose
Sucrose
Trehalose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an example of a reducing disaccharide?

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

There are no ______ _____ in a nonreducing sugar

A

No reducing ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Two sugar molecules joined via a glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons results in ______

A

nonreducing disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The anomeric carbon involved in the glycosidic linkage is _______

A

Nonreducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are examples of how polysaccharides can be found?

A

Homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides
Linear
Branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

______ is a branched homopolysaccharide of glucose

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the linkage formed between glucose monomers in a glycogen chain?

A

Alpha 1,4 linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

At the branch points in glycogen, what are the linkages?

A

Alpha-1,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Branch points form every ____ to _____ residues with an alpha1,6 linkage.

A

8-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

______ functions as the main storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

______ is a mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

_____ is an unbranched polymer of alpha 1,4 linkages of starch

A

Amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

________ is branched like glycogen by the branch points with alpha 1,6 occur every 24-30 residues

A

Amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

______ is the main storage polysaccharide in plants

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 5 effects of branching in polysaccharides?

A

Increase solubility
Can be more rapidly synthesized
Can be more rapidly degraded
Can potentially elevate blood glucose more rapidly
Have better gelling properties (cooking and food properties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

________ linkages in starch and glycogen produces a hollow helix suitable to the formation of a compact, accessible store of glucose

A

Alpha 1,4 linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the monomers of lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the monomers of sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Glycogen and starch often form _____ in cells

A

Granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The granules in glycogen and starch contain what?

A

Enzymes that synthesize and degrade these polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Glycogen and amylopectin have ____ reducing end(s) but _______ nonreducing end(s)

A

One; many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

_______ is a homopolysaccharide of glucose

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In cellulose glucose monomers form ______ linked chains

A

Beta 1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

In cellulose, _____ bonds form between adjacent monomers

A

H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

_____ is most abundant polysaccharide in nature

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

_______ is a linear homopolysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the monomers that form a beta 1,4 linkage in chitin?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The N-acetylglucosmaine monomers form ______ linked chains

A

Beta 1,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

______ forms extended fibers that are similar to those of cellulose

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

In cell walks in mushrooms, and in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, crabs and other Arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

_______ is a complex mixture of heteropolysaccharides containing modified galactose units.

A

Agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

_____ solutions form gels that are commonly used in the lab for separation DNA by electrophoresis

A

Agarose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

______ and ______ prevent blood clotting by activating protease inhibitor antithrombin

A

Heparin and Heparan Sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What regulates development and formaiton of blood vessels when binding to various cells?

A

Heparin and Heparan sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Carbohydrates can be linked to proteins to form a ___________

A

Glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the 3 main classes of glycoproteins?

A

Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Mucins or mucoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

__________, A protein with small oligosaccharides attached

A

Glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

_______ play a role in protein-protein recognition

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

In glycoproteins, carbohydrate is attaches via its ______ carbon

A

Anomeric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Erythropoietin is a _________ hormone in the blood serum that has dramatically improved treatment for anemia.

A

Glycoprotein hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

In proteoglycans, the protein is attached to a particular type of polysaccharide called _________

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the functions of proteoglycans?

A

Function as lubricants and structural components in CT

They also mediate the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix and bind factors that stimulate cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

________ are linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units

A

Glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

One monomer is acetylated amino sugar ______________ or____________

A

N acetyl-glucosamine
Or
N- acetyl-galactosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Other monomer is a negatively charged/ acidic sugar ________ or _______

A

Ironic acids (C6 oxidation) or sulfate esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

__________ are extended hydrated molecules that minimize charge repulsion

A

Glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

_________ forms meshwork with fibrous proteins to form extracellular matrix

A

Glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Describe the relaxed state of glycosaminoglycans

A

Negative charged residues in GAGS repel each other and are surrounded by a shell of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

___________ chains have slippery consistency

A

Heteropolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Describe the compressed state of glycosaminoglycans

A

Removal of water

GAGs become smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

________ and ______ form huge noncovalent proteoglycan aggregates

A

Hyaluronan and aggrecan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

________ _______ hold lots of water and provides lubrication

A

Proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

________ covers joint surfaces like articular cartilage and results in reduced friction and load balancing

A

Proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are the key components of collagen?

A

Aggrecan and collagen protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

_______ provides structure and tensile strength (some hydration) where as ______ serves as a shock absorber by being highly hydrated

A

Collagen; aggrecan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

________ can cushion comprehensive forces because the absorbed water enables it to spring back after being deformed

A

Aggrecan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What results from the proteolytic degradation of aggrecan and collagen in the cartilage?

A

Osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates
Collagen fibers
Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

ECM in cartilage imparts ________ and _________ properties

A

Biomechanical and hydraulic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

________ acts as a barrier to invasive tumor cells and pathogens

A

Exctracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the material outside the cell that is the strength, elasticity and physical barrier in tissues?

A

ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

__________, integral membrane proteins are proteoglycans

A

Syndecans

95
Q

_______, integral membrane proteins are receptors for extracellular proteoglycans

A

Integrins

96
Q

_________ and ________ link cytoskeleton to the ECM and transmit signals into the cell to regulate cell growth, mobility, apoptosis, wound healing.

A

Syndecans and Integrins

97
Q

What are the two types of oligosaccharides linkages in glycoproteins?

A

O-linkage and N-linkage

98
Q

What are the two amino acids involved in the O-linkage that is important in ABO blood group determinants

A

Serine or threonine

99
Q

What amino acid is involved in N- linkages of oligosaccharide linkages in glycoproteins?

A

Asparagine

100
Q

Oligosaccharides are important in _______

A

Recognition

101
Q

In mucins, the protein component is extensively glycoyslated to ______ or _____ residues by N-acetylgalactosamine

A

Serine or threonine

102
Q

Mucins can form large polymeric structures and are common in mucus secretions such as ________

A

Saliva

103
Q

_________ adhere to epithelial cells and act as a protective barrier; also hydrate the underlining cells

A

Mucins

104
Q

Mucins are over expressed in ______ and _______ and ___________

A

Bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
Adenocarcinomas

105
Q

Alpha amylase:
Where is it produced?
Substrate
Linkage

A

Produced in saliva and pancreas
Substrate: starch
Linkage: alpha 1,4

106
Q

Maltose is active in the ________ and produces _______ with an _______ linkage

A

Small intestine; 2 glucoses, alpha 1,4

107
Q

Invertase acts on _______ to produce glucose and fructose with an ________ linkage

A

Sucrose; (alpha 1,2 linkage)

108
Q

Lactase or Beta-galactosidase acts on ______ to produce glucose and galactose with a ________ linkage

A

Lactose; beta 1,4

109
Q

_________ important in dietary glucose and galactose absorption

A

Na-glucose symporter (SGS) or transporter (SGT)

110
Q

_______ important in dietary fructose absorption and release

A

GLUT5

111
Q

________ is important in dietary glucose and galactose RELEASE

A

GLUT2

112
Q

________ are organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water and are relatively hydrophobic

A

Lipids

113
Q

Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose are ______ and have the same molecular formula of _____

A

Isomers; C6H12O6

114
Q

When sugars are reduced what does the aldehyde group result in?

A

Carboxylic acid group.

Aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid

115
Q

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans?

A 
Chondroitin 6-sulfate
Keratin sulfate
Heparin
Dermatan sulfate 
Hyaluronate
116
Q

What is the core protein in proteoglycan aggregates what is important in preventing osteoarthritis?

A

Aggrecan

117
Q

What are the biological functions of lipids?

A 
Storage of energy 
Insulation from environment 
Water repellent 
Membrane structure
Cofactors for enzymes
Signaling molecules 
Pigments 
Antioxidants
118
Q

________ are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons

A

Fatty acids

119
Q

Almost all natural FA have an _____ number of carbons and are __________

A

Even; unbranched

120
Q

_____ FA has no double bonds between carbons in the chain

A

Saturated

121
Q

_______ FA have one double bond between carbons in the alkyl chain

A

Monounsaturated

122
Q

Short chain FA: ___-_____ Carbons
Medium chain FA ___-____ carbons
Long chain FA:___-____ carbons
Very long chain FA: greater than ___ carbons

A

Short chain 2-4 Carbons
Medium chain: 6-12 carbons
Long chain FA: 14-20
Very long chain FA: greater than 22 C

123
Q

When reading the nomenclature how can you tell the number carbons and double bonds in linoleic acid 18:2 (9,12)?

A

18= number of carbons
:2 talks about the number of bonds
(9,12) locations of the double bonds

124
Q

The first carbon is the _______ carbon, the next one is the ______ carbon and the last one is called the _____ carbon that is a part of of the methyl Carbon

A

Carboxyl; alpha; omega

125
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleate (C18:2)

Linolenate (C18:3)

126
Q

What are the precursors of eicosanoids?

A

Essential Fatty acids

(Linoleate and linolenate

127
Q

________ is an omega 3 FA that is known as cardioprotective

A

Alpha-linolenate

128
Q

What is the essential FA that is classified as an omega 6 FA and is a precursor to arachidonic acid?

A

Linoleic acid

129
Q

________ chain of FA tends to adopt extended conformations

A

Saturated

130
Q

The double bonds in natural unsaturated FA are commonly in _____ conformation, which kinks the chain

A

Cis

131
Q

__________ ____ FA have a lower melting point

A

Unsaturated cis FA

132
Q

Long chain FA contain at least _____ carbons.

A

12 carbons

133
Q

________ FA are most common in cells

A

Long chain FA

134
Q

_______ FA are sold at room temp and a melting point at _______

A

Saturated; 70 degrees C

135
Q

_______ long chain FA are liquid at room temperature and have a melting point at ______

A

Unsaturated

13 degrees Celsius

136
Q

_______ melting points are even lower

A

PolyUnsaturated LC FA

137
Q

The ________ are polyunsaturated

A

Essential FA

138
Q

How do trans fatty acids form?

A

By partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated FA

139
Q

A _____ double bond allows a given FA to adopt an extended conformation

A

Trans

140
Q

Trans FA can pack more regularly and show _____ melting points than cis forms

A

Higher

141
Q

Consuming ______ fats increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Trans

142
Q

Free fatty acids: _______ FA

A

Unesterified

143
Q

What are the storage lipids?

A

TAGs (triacylglycerols)

144
Q

Membrane lipid examples (2):

A

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

145
Q

Phospholipids:

  • glycerophospholipids (GPL): ________ backbone
  • sphingolipid (SPL): _________ backbone
A

Glycerol backbone

Sphingosine backbone

146
Q

What are examples of glycolipids (sugar containing lipids)

A

Cerebroside
Globosides
Gangliosides

147
Q

What are examples of Cerebroside?

A

Lipid containing glucose or galactose

148
Q

What are examples of Globosides?

A

Lipids containing Di, Tri-tetrasaccharide

149
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

Lipids with seven sugar residues (oligosaccharides)

150
Q

What are the components of steroids

A

Steroid nucleus or the tetracycline ring

151
Q

Cholesterol: a steroid with ______ functional group

A

Alcohol

With a tetracyclic ring

152
Q

In biological systems, what is the form the majority of FA found in?

A

TAGs

153
Q

What is the primary storage form of lipids?

A

Body fat

154
Q

Why are TAGs less soluble in water than FA?

A

Due to the lack of charged carboxylate group

155
Q

What are the advantages of fats over polysaccharides?

A

FA carry more energy per carbon

FA carry less water per gram

156
Q

Fatty acids carry more energy per carbon why?

A

Because they are more reduced

157
Q

FA carry less water per gram why?

A

Because they are nonpolar

158
Q

______ and ______ are for short term energy needs, quick delivery

A

Glucose and glycogen

159
Q

_____ are for long term energy needs, good storage, slow delivery

A

Fats

160
Q

How are fats stored?

A

In adipose tissue

161
Q

What are the primary constituents of cell membranes?

A

Glycerophospholipids

162
Q

Two FA form _______ linkages with the first and second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate

A

Glycerophospholipids

163
Q

The head group of ________ is charged at physiological pH

A

Glycerophospholipids

164
Q

What are the Components of the glycerophospholipids?

A

2 FA
Glycerol
Phosphate and an alcohol

165
Q

What are commonly found connected to C2 in glycerophospholipids?

A

Unsaturated FA

166
Q

The highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by an _____; such substituents are called the _______ groups

A

Alcohol; head groups

167
Q

What are the common alcohols found in GPLs?

A

Serine, ethanolamine, choline, glycerol, inositol

168
Q

What common membrane GPL is common for signal of apoptosis?

A

Phosphatidylserine

169
Q

What common membrane GPL is important in lung surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse?

A

Phosphatidylcholine

170
Q

What common membrane GPL is a substrate for post-translational modification and mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

171
Q

What common membrane GPL is important in cell signaling, membrane transport and regulation,etc.

A

Phosphatidylinositol

172
Q

What common membrane protein is the predominant lipid of the inner membrane of the mitochondria which houses the ETC complexes?

A

Cardiolipin

173
Q

________ lipids: platelets-activating factor

A

Ether lipids

174
Q

Ether lipids are the aliphatic ether analog of ________

A

Phosphatidylcholine

175
Q

In platelet activating factor, acetic acid has _______ position on C2

A

Esterified

176
Q

What stimulates aggregation of blood platelets and plays role in mediation of inflammation?

A

Ether lipids (Platelet-activating factor)

177
Q

What is present in the heart brain and bone that may have a role in protecting against oxidative stress, membrane phase modulation and signal transduction?

A

Plasmalogens

178
Q

What is the regulator of calcification during skeletogenesis?

A

Plasmalogens

179
Q

What are reservoirs of precursors of biologically active lipid mediators (AA and DHA)

A

Plasmalogens

180
Q

What is the backbone of sphingolipids?

A

Sphingosine

181
Q

In sphingolipids, a FA is joined to a sphingosine via an ______ linkage rather than an _____ linkage that is usually seen in lipids

A

Amide linkage; ester linkage

182
Q

A polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a _____ or ______ linkage

A

Glycosidic or phosphodiester linkage

183
Q

Sphingomyelin has what two components attached to the alcohol?

A

Ceramide and phosphocholine

184
Q

What makes up a ceramide?

A

Sphingosine + amide-linked FA

185
Q

________ is abundant in myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cells in animals

A

Sphingomyelin

186
Q

The blood groups are determined in part by the type of ___________ located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids

A

Sugars

187
Q

What is the structure of sugars determined by?

A

An expression of specific glycosyltransferases

188
Q

Individuals with ______ glycosyltransferase will have O Ag
Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers an _________ have A blood group
Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers a _______ group have B blood group

A

No active
N-acetylgalactosamine
Galactose

189
Q

___________ determine blood groups

A

Glycosphingolipids

190
Q

With a deficiency in beta-galactosidase there will be a build up of ______

A

Ceramide

191
Q

What disease results from a deficiency of glucocerebroside because of the build up of ceramide?

A

Gaucher’s disease

192
Q

What is the cause of Niemann-Pick disease?

A

Sphingomyelinase doesnt break down Sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphocholine

193
Q

What enzyme deficiency causes Tay sach’s disease?

A

Hexoaminidase A

194
Q

What is the lysosomal enzyme responsible for recycling the GM2 ganglioside?

A

Beta hexosaminidase

195
Q

Tay Sachs disease is because of a deficiencies in _______ gene

A

HEXA

196
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

4 steroid rings and a presence of alcohol group at C3

197
Q

What is an important consituent of biological membranes, maintains membrane fluidity and rigidity?

A

Cholesterol

198
Q

What is the precursor of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts?

A

Cholesterol

199
Q

TAG are digested by _____ lipase

A

Pancreatic lipase

200
Q

What are all of the zymogens that play a role in the dietary lipid digestion, all these zymogens activated by?

A

Trypsin

201
Q

________ emulsify the lipids before and after digestion

A

Bile salts

202
Q

Bile salts are produced in ______ and stored and secreted by _____ gallbladder

A

Glycocholate

203
Q

What is the substrate for pancreatic lipase?

A

TAGs

204
Q

What is the substrate for phospholipase A2?

A

Phospholipids

205
Q

Cholesterol ester hydrolase’s substrate is ________

A

Cholesterol esters

206
Q

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDLs are all examples of ________

A

Plasma lipoproteins

207
Q

What plasma lipoprotein consists mainly of TAGs

A

Chylomicron

208
Q

What plasma lipoprotein contains mostly cholesterol?

A

LDL

209
Q

What plasma lipoprotein is important in endogenous fat transport?

A

VLDL

210
Q

What plasma lipoprotein is important in reverse cholesterol transport?

A

HDL

211
Q

What plasma lipoprotein is important in dietary fat transport?

A

Chylomicron

212
Q

__________ ______ lipids play vital roles as signaling molecules between nearby cells

A

Biologically active

213
Q

What are the biologically active lipids?

A

Eicosanoids

Steroid hormones

214
Q

Eicosanoid hormones are _____ synthesized in advance

A

Not

215
Q

Eicosanoid hormone are generated from ______ via _____

A

Arachidonic acid via phospholipase A2

216
Q

Prostglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are examples of ______

A

Eicosanoids

217
Q

__________ are mediators of inflammation, fever, allergic response, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation

A

Eicosanoid hormones

218
Q

Secreted PLA2 is produced by ______; involved in digestion of _______ by pancreas and are increased in inflammatory disease meaning they are __________

A

All tissues; dietary lipids, proinflammatory

219
Q

Cytosol is PLA2 is ________, similar to mechanism of secreted PLA2

A

Intracellular

220
Q

____________ PLA2 hydrolyzes phospholipids in LDL; associated with cardiac disease and artherosclerosis

A

Lipoprotein-associated PLA2

221
Q

_________ are eicosanoids that mediate inflammation that consists of a 5 member ring

A

Prostaglandins

222
Q

_______ are 6 membered rings eicosanoids that stimualte the aggregation of platelets; stimulate clotting

A

Thromboxanes

223
Q

_________ are linear eicosanoids that mediate allergic reactions and smooth muscle contraction in lungs

A

Leukotrienes

224
Q

What are examples of omega 3 FA that are used in specialized pro-resolving mediators that target pain and inflammation

A

DHA and EPA

225
Q

SPM’s that target pain and inflammation include _______, ______ and _____

A

Resolvins, protectins and maresins

226
Q

________ stimulate wound healing and tissue regeneration and counter regulate inflammation process

A

Specialized pro-resolving mediators

Resolvins, protectins, and maresins

227
Q

Steroid hormones are made from _______

A

Cholesterol

228
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones that are made from cholesterol?

A

Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol

229
Q

What Vitamin D is seen in circulation?

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D

230
Q

What is the name of ACTIVE vitamin D?

A

1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

231
Q

Where is vitamin D synthesized?

A

The skin

232
Q

What is the site of action and function of vitamin D?

A

Site of action: bone, intestine, kidney

Function: mineral homeostasis

233
Q

What are some examples of isoprene derived bioactive molecules?

A

Vitamin E and K
Warfarin
Ubiquinone
Dolichol

Biochemistry 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions