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LAST BIO CLASS EVER YOU CAN DO THIS > Unit #3 > Flashcards

Unit #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolutionary history of plants

A
  • 4.5 bya age of earth
  • 3.5 bya oldest fossils-prokaryotes
  • 3.4 bya photosynthetic organisms
  • 2.5 bya aerobic organisms
  • 1.7 bya eukaryotes
  • 1.2 bya sexual reproduction
  • 690 mya multicellular animals
  • 475 mya lands plants with cuticle, corky tissues, stomates
  • 420 mya plants with vascular systems, roots, stems, and leaves
  • 360 mya seed plants
  • 130 mya flowering plants
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2
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci, but possibly different alleles

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3
Q

sporophyte

A

the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises; dominant form in vascular plants

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4
Q

gametophyte

A

gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises; the dominant form in bryophytes

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5
Q

spore mother cell (megasporocyte)

A

a diploid cell in plants in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores
-at least one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes (megagametophytes)

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6
Q

sporangium

A

receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

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7
Q

spore

A

a haploid reproductive cell that gives rise to a gametophyte

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8
Q

gametangium

A

a specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and some other plants

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9
Q

gamete

A

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

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10
Q

syngamy

A

the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction

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11
Q

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

A

set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms

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12
Q

genus

A

a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family

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13
Q

specific epithet

A

the second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus

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14
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring
  • budding, vegetative propagation, and fragmentation
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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • two individuals contribute cells which fuse together to produce an offspring
  • meiosis
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16
Q

mitosis

A
  • prophase; chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears
  • prometaphase; nuclear envelope dissolves
  • metaphase; chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
  • anaphase; chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle
  • telophase; chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed
  • cytokinesis; separation of the two cells
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17
Q

meiosis

A
  • prophase 1
  • metaphase 1, independent assortment
  • anaphase 1
  • telophase 1
  • prophase 2
  • metaphase 2
  • anaphase 2
  • telophase 2
18
Q

gametic meiosis

A
  • occurs during gamete formation
  • results in haploid gametes
  • fuse together to form a diploid zygote and organism
  • animals
19
Q

zygotic meiosis

A
  • occurs in a zygote
  • formation of haploid individuals
  • results in haploid organisms
  • unicellular organisms
20
Q

sports meiosis

A
  • occurs during sporogenesis
  • results in haploid spores
  • divide to form gametophytes to form gametes that are diploid
  • plants
21
Q

alteration of generations life cycle

A

example of a sea lettuce
sporophyte (2n)->meiosis >spores (n)-> two gametophytes->gametangia->gametes->fertilization->zygote (2n)-> sporophyte (2n)

22
Q

bryophytes

A
  • non vascular plants
  • dependent embryos, relies on parent for protection
  • liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
23
Q

thallus

A

the body of an organism that is “plant-like” but lacks vascular tissue

24
Q

liverworts

A
  • sporophyte contains a foot, seta, and capsule
  • capsule is the sporangium
  • antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) gametophytes
  • dominant gametophyte
  • thallus
  • be able to describe life cycle
25
Q

hornworts

A
  • sporophyte arises about of gametophyte
  • no stomata
  • know life cycle
26
Q

elaters

A

diploid, absorb and release water

27
Q

mosses

A
  • have a stomate
  • archegonia (female) and anthroridia (male)
  • capsule is the sporangium located at the top of the seta above the foot
  • tip of capsule is the operculum
  • can be dried into pear; used as whiskey and can be harvested
  • know life cycle
28
Q

rhizoids

A

used for anchorage, not absorption

29
Q

paraphyses

A

sterile hairs on moss

30
Q

hydroscopic cells

A

cells that change shape really easily

31
Q

protonema

A

early thread form spores

32
Q

gammea

A

can be used for asexual reproduction

33
Q

Life Cycle of Moss

A
  • sporphyte (n) : produces spores, contains a foot(base), seta(stem), capsule (sporangium), operculum (covers the capsule), and calyptra (protects capsule)
  • MEIOSIS
  • inside capsule, peristome (small projections around the capsule), spores (n)
  • protonema (n): first stage of haploid development , contains spores and elaters
  • young gametophytes form: bud, rhizoids
  • female gametophytes form (n), archegonia contains the egg
  • male gametophytes form (n), antheridia contains the sperm and get spread via raindrops
  • FERTILIZATION
  • embryo turns into a young sporophyte (2n), calypta forms
  • begin again Micheal Finnegan
  • mosses have stomates and gametophyte stage is dominant
34
Q

Life Cycle of a Liverwort

A
  • sporophyte (2n) is surrounded by the calyptra that is tissue like
  • MEIOSIS
  • mature sporophyte (2n) looks like a thumbprint, contains a foot, seta, spores (n), elaters, sporangium (where spores are formed), and calyptra
  • spores become leaf looking male and female gametophytes
  • female (n) contains archegoniophore (growth that looks like broccoli where archegonia are formed) and gemma cups (pore like structures), archegonia are hidden under the “leafy” part of the broccoli for protection
  • male (n) contains antheridrophore (growth that looks like broccoli), antheridia is on top of the broccoli
  • FERTILIZATION
  • zygote is haploid
  • begin again Micheal Finnegan
  • gametophyte stage is dominant
35
Q

Life Cycle of Lycopodium (Club Moss)

A
  • mature sporophyte (2n) looks like asparagus, contains a stem, strobilus (cone-like structure on top of the stem), and microphylls (leaves on strobilus)
  • strobilus contains sporophyll and sporangium in pocket of leaves
  • MEIOSIS
  • spores (n) produce archegonia and antheridia inside the gametophyte (n) (looks like bubble letter “T”)
  • FERTLIZIAITON
  • embyro to zygote (2n)
  • gametophyte grows a sporophyte
  • begin again Micheal Finnegan
  • fern ally, seedless, vascular
  • sporophyte stage is dominant
36
Q

Life Cycle of Selaginella (Spike Moss)

A
  • mature sporophyte (2n) looks like a stick with leaves, contains microphyll (leaves), and strobilus (cone-like structure on top of the stem)
  • MEIOSIS
  • close up of strobilus: looks like robot heads with one arm each, half of the heads contain microspores and the other half contain megaspores, ligule (extra leaf-like structure), arm contains microphophyll
  • megaspores->megagametophytes that contain archegonia
  • microspores -> microgametophytes have spikey edge and contain sperm (n)
  • FERTILIZATION
  • embryo to zygote (2n)
  • megagametophyte grows from zygote and develops a foot and rhizoids
  • young sporophyte develops with the beginnings of a stem and leaves
  • begin again Micheal Finnegan
  • hetersporous=two distinct spores
37
Q

Life Cycle of Ferns

A
  • adult sporophyte (2n), contains megaphyll (leaves), sori (receptacles on leaves of a fern that produce spores), fiddleheads
  • sorus=2n
  • MEIOSIS
  • sorus now contains an annulus (row of cells that are hydroscopic)
  • becomes a heart-shaped prothallus (gametophyte) that contain archegonium and antheridium
  • FERTILIZATION
  • zygote and embryo (2n)
  • gametophyte (n) that has sprouted a young steam and leaves with a root and rhizoids
  • begin again Micheal Finnegan
  • most ferns are homosporous
  • sporophyte stage is dominant
38
Q

cladistics

A

classification of plants and animals based on common characteristics and connect to a common ancestor

39
Q

circinate vernation

A

how a fern frond emerges; it is tightly curled so that the tender growing tip of the frond (and each subdivision of the frond) is protected within a coil

40
Q

microphyll

A

one leaf that has and unbranched vein, common in fossils

41
Q

megaphyll

A

several or many large veins branching apart or running parallel and connected by a network of smaller veins

42
Q

liana

A

long-stemmed, woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level

LAST BIO CLASS EVER YOU CAN DO THIS (3 decks)

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