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LAST BIO CLASS EVER YOU CAN DO THIS > Unit #1 > Flashcards

Unit #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Borlaug

A
  • Iowan, plant pathologist, agronomist
  • “green revolution”
  • founder of World Food Prize
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2
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Greek philosopher
  • formal logic, naturalism, physics, metaphysics
  • biology: taxonomy and morphology
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3
Q

Theophrastus

A
  • student and successor of Aristotle

- “father” of botany

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4
Q

Dioscorides

A
  • Greek physician and military surgeon

- travelled and collected information about plants

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5
Q

Avicenna

A
  • Iranian Islamic philosopher/physician
  • “Book of Healing”
  • medical properties of plants
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6
Q

Brunfels

A
  • Greek Carthusian Monk

- accurate illustrations of plants and herbs

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7
Q

Culpeper

A
  • English physician

- “The Complete Physitian” aka “Culpeper’s Herbal”

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8
Q

Malpighi

A
  • Italian physiologist
  • studied stem and root tissues, water movement by capillary action
  • plant anatomy
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9
Q

Grew

A
  • English plant anatomist

- studied wood, plant cells, water movement by pumping action by xylem parenchyma

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10
Q

van Helmont

A
  • Belgian physician and chemist
  • plant physiology
  • “willow tree in a tub” experiment
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11
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • binomial nomenclature
  • plant taxonomy
  • Species Plantarum
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12
Q

von Humboldt

A
  • German naturalists and explorer
  • plant biogeography
  • “invented nature”, connected animals, plants, and geology with humans and nature
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13
Q

Hooker

A
  • British botanist
  • floras=list of every plant in a certain area
  • friend of Darwin
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14
Q

Margulis

A
  • American biologist
  • SET
  • Gaia hypothesis
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15
Q

Hooke

A
  • built microscopes, English experimenter, surveyor
  • first human to see bacteria, first to use the term ‘cell’
  • Saw in a piece of cork
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16
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • made strong magnifiers

- first to see individual cells and saw them as living

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17
Q

Schlseiden and Schwann

A
  • plants and animals are composed of cells

- known as the “fathers” of the cell theory

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18
Q

Why are plants important?

A
  • primary producers in ecosystems
  • oxygen for the ozone layer
  • oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • water cycle (transpiration)
  • climate (carbon sequestration)
  • human food
  • products/uses
  • aesthetics
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19
Q

Pyramid of Producers and Consumers

A 
Top: Tertiary consumers (10 J)
Middle: Secondary consumers (100 J) 
Middle: Primary consumers (1,000 J)
Bottom: Primary producers (10,000 J) 
SUNLIGHT 100,000 J
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20
Q

% of human calories per plant

A
  • Maize 19.5%
  • Rice 16.5%
  • Wheat 15%
  • Cassava 2.6%
  • Soybean 2.1%
  • Potato 1.7%
  • Yams 1%
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21
Q

Doctrine of Signatures

A

belief that God created plants to benefit humans, usually in a medical way

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22
Q

alkaloids

A
  • bitter tasting nitrogen-containing ring compounds that are physiologically active in vertebrates
  • ex: nicotine, caffeine, theobromine
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23
Q

glycosides

A
  • a sugar (usually glucose) is attached to the active component
  • can release HCN
  • contain steroid active ingredients and affect heart muscle contractions
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24
Q

cell wall

A
  • provides strength and limited plasticity
  • mechanical support
  • tubes for long-distance transport
  • prevent water loss
  • protection from insects and pathogens
  • cell-to-cell communication
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25
Q

cell membrane

A

protection

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26
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • suspendes organelles

- mainly water

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27
Q

ER

A
  • rough makes ribosomes

- smooth regulates and makes calcium

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28
Q

dictyosomes

A
  • aka golgi bodies

- transports between golgi and other organelles

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29
Q

peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

A

break down fatty acids and oxidizes fatty acids to produce sugar

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30
Q

tonoplast

A

surrounds vacuole, protection

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31
Q

cell sap

A

inside vacuole, consists of water, amino acids, sugar, and salts

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32
Q

druses and raphides

A

-crystals that are defense against herbivores and store calcium

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33
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels for communication between cells

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34
Q

Components of the plant cell wall

A
  • Middle Lamella; pectic substances (pectic acid, pectin, calcium pectate), proteins, lignin, first structure to be deposited, space between cells
  • Primary Wall; cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, enzymes, glycoproteins, lignin, second to be deposited, contains primary pit fields to from plasmodesmata
  • Secondary Wall; cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, additional protection, final structure to be deposited, sections missing are called pits
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35
Q

monocot

A

containing one cotyledon

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36
Q

dicot

A

containing two cotyledons

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37
Q

parenchyma cells

A
  • polyhedrons, loosely arranged, spherical, ground tissue
  • have primary walls that are thin and flexible
  • most lack secondary walls
  • alive
  • located everywhere
  • perform metabolic functions, synthesize/stores organic products
  • simple, vascular, and ground tissue
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38
Q

collenchyma cells

A
  • elongated cells that are also flexible, ground tissue
  • thick primary wall, uneven
  • alive
  • located in young stems, under epidermis
  • help support young parts of plant shoot,
  • provides flexible support without resisting growth
  • simple, ground tissue
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39
Q

sclereid cells

A
  • boxier, slender in shape, ground tissue, sclerenchyma
  • thick lignified secondary walls
  • alive or dead
  • located in parts of plants that have stopped growing
  • gritty texture to pear fruits, hardness of nutshells, seed coats, and supporting elements
  • simple tissue=sclerenchyma
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40
Q

fibers

A
  • long, slender, and tapered, rigid, ground tissue, sclerenchyma
  • very thick secondary walls
  • dead
  • located in parts of plants that have stopped growing
  • support and strengthening sciereids, supporting elements
  • simple tissue=sclerenchyma, vascular tissue
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41
Q

tracheids

A
  • long, thin, and elongated
  • secondary walls
  • dead
  • xylem of vascular plants
  • transport water and mineral salts
  • vascular tissue in xylem
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42
Q

vessel elements

A
  • wider, shorter, elongated, hollow tube
  • thin walled, dead
  • xylem of vascular plants
  • allows water to flow freely through them
  • vascular tissue in xylem
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43
Q

sieve-tube members

A
  • elongated, bag of cytoplasm, no nucleus
  • cell wall is connected to companion cells by the plasmodesmata
  • alive
  • phylum
  • transport sugars to other parts of plants
  • vascular tissue in phloem
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44
Q

companion cells

A
  • connected to sieve-tube members, has nucleus, supports
  • cell wall is connected to sieve-tube cells by the plasmodesmata
  • alive
  • phylum
  • help load sugars into sieve-tube elements, controls/helps regulate sieve-tube cells
  • vascular tissue in phloem
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45
Q

epidermal cells

A
  • compressed, outer layer of section, no chloroplasts, different shapes
  • primary wall only
  • alive
  • cover stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed epidermis
  • boundary between plant and extremal environment, excretes waxy layer to remain water proof
  • dermal tissue
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46
Q

guard cells

A
  • sausage shaped, bean, contains chloroplasts
  • primary wall only
  • alive
  • located in the epidermis
  • gaseous exchange
  • dermal tissue
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47
Q

trichomes

A
  • variable, spikey
  • primary wall only
  • alive
  • located in the epidermis
  • reflect solar radiation
  • create a “dead-air” space on the surface of a leaf
  • absorb water and minerals
  • secrete salt
  • secrete defensive chemicals or other substances
  • defend against insects
  • dermal tissue
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48
Q

meristematic tissue

A
  • root, divides

- may be able to find original cell

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49
Q

primary tissue

A
  • broken into three parts; ground, dermal, and vascular

- primary tissues are produced by primary meristems

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50
Q

dermal tissue

A

-epidermal, guard cells, and trichomes

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51
Q

elongation

A

primary growth

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52
Q

growth in diameter

A

secondary growth

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53
Q

function of roots

A
  • absorption/conduction
  • anchorage
  • storage
  • hormones
54
Q

adventitious root

A
  • growing from an unusual place

- ex: growing from a stem instead of a root

55
Q

taproot

A

grows vertically toward the center of the earth

56
Q

fibrous root system

A

grows laterally

57
Q

root cap

A

protection, replaced, helps the root push through the soil

58
Q

zone of differentiation

A

-contains root hairs, mature adult function cells,

59
Q

zone of elongation

A

-middle of root

60
Q

zone of cell division (including apical meristem)

A
  • contains ground meristem (becomes pith and cortex), pro cambium (develop into phloem and xylem), and a protoderm (gives rise to epidermis)
  • closest to root cap
61
Q

root hairs

A

increasing the surface area of the root

62
Q

quiescent center

A

area of apical meristem in a root that does not have cell division occurring

63
Q

rhizosphere

A

zone of soil surrounding root system

64
Q

cortex

A

function of storing, cells just inside the epidermis, but outside the endodermis

65
Q

epidermis

A

layer of cells surrounding the root, functions as protection

66
Q

endodermis

A

functions as a filter, contains the xylem and phloem

67
Q

Casparian strip

A
  • layer inside of the endodermis
  • controls the passage of water and minerals into the endodermis
  • in the middle lamella of the transverse and radical walls
68
Q

pericycle

A
  • origin of lateral roots
  • found inside of endodermis
  • contributes to vascular and cork cambium
69
Q

pith

A
  • found in monocot roots
  • ground tissue in the center
  • stores and transports nutrients
70
Q

mycorrhizae

A
  • fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the plant
  • fungus gains nutrients from the plant
  • plant gain increased root surface area, protection, and increases the plants supply of phosphorous
71
Q

root nodules

A
  • plant provides shelter and nourishment for the bacteria

- bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to the plant

72
Q

perforation plate

A

area or areas in which there is no shared wall material or membrane

73
Q

sieve plates

A

pores in the plant cell walls that facilitate transport of materials between them

74
Q

callose

A

plant polysaccharide that contains glucose, helps with cell growth and differentiation

75
Q

p-protein

A

aggregate at the sieve plate to form a “clot” which prevents the leakage of phloem exudates through the wound

76
Q

stomata

A

facilitates photosynthesis

77
Q

xylem

A
  • parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers, tracheids, and vessel elements
  • transport of water
  • toward middle of root/stem/leaf
  • primary=normal functions
  • secondary=thickens cell walls, gains more support (wood)
78
Q

phloem

A
  • parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers, sieve-tube fibers, companion cells, and albuminous cells
  • transport of nutrients and food
  • toward outer part of root/stem/leaf
  • primary=normal functions
  • secondary=die and become bark
79
Q

function of stems

A
  • conduction (water up, food up or down)
  • lifts foliage out of the reach of herbivores or competitors and speeds out the foliage
  • lifts reproductive parts out of the reach of herbivores and helps dispersal
  • certain specialized stems; photosynthesis, storage, reproduction, and protection
80
Q

stele

A

central cylinder of tissue

81
Q

protostele

A

when a cross section of a stem has a complete ring of ground tissue and inside a complete ring called a vascular cylinder

82
Q

siphonostele

A
  • a stele consisting of a core of pith surrounded by concentric layers of xylem and phloem
  • the vascular cylinders are touching but separate
  • woody stems
83
Q

eustele

A
  • consists of vascular bundles of xylem and phloem strands with parenchymal cells between the bundles
  • vascular cylinders are separate, not touching, little triangles
  • herbaceous dicot stems
84
Q

atactostele

A
  • vascular tissue in the stem exists as scattered bundles

- monocot stems

85
Q

heartwood

A

the dense inner part of a tree trunk, yielding the hardest timber

86
Q

sapwood

A

the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue

87
Q

resin canal

A
  • elongated, tube-shaped intercellular spaces surrounded by epithelial cells which secrete resin into the canal
  • found in wood
88
Q

summer wood

A

the harder less porous portion of an annual ring of wood that develops late in the growing season

89
Q

spring wood

A

the softer more porous portion of an annual ring of wood that develops early in the growing season

90
Q

softwood

A

the wood from a conifer (such as pine, fir, or spruce) as distinguished from that of broadleaved trees.

91
Q

hardwood

A

the wood from a broadleaved tree (such as oak, ash, or beech) as distinguished from that of conifers.

92
Q

node

A

the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge

93
Q

internode

A

a part of a plant stem between two of the nodes from which leaves emerge

94
Q

leaf scar

A

mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig

95
Q

bundle scars

A

small mark on a leaf scar indicating a point where a vein from the leaf was once connected with the stem

96
Q

axillary bud

A

a bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster

97
Q

terminal bud

A

the primary growing point at the top of the stem of a plant

98
Q

bud scales

A

which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud

99
Q

function of leaves

A
  • photosynthesis
  • gas exchange (CO2 in, H2O out)
  • certain specialized leaves; storage, reproduction, protection, insect capture, and support
100
Q

simple leaf

A

blade is undivided

101
Q

blade/lamina

A

the broad, flat part of a leaf

102
Q

compound leaf

A

blade is divided into several leaflets

103
Q

palmately compound leaf

A

leaflets arise form a common point

104
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaflets arise at several locations along an elongate axis

105
Q

rachis

A

the stem of a leaf, an elongated axis

106
Q

alternative leaf arrangement

A
  • leaves are alternate on opposite sides of the stem

- right leaf—stem—left leaf—stem—right leaf

107
Q

opposite leaf arrangement

A

leaves are on the same spot on the stem, right and left

108
Q

whorled leaf arrangement

A

stem goes through a bundle of leaves; two or more

109
Q

mesophyll

A
  • ground tissue in a leaf
  • layer between upper and lower epidermal layers in a leaf
  • assists in photosynthesis
110
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf

111
Q

spongey mesophyll

A

below the palisade, parenchyma cells are loosely arranged with air spaces through which CO2 and O2 can circulate through

112
Q

oxidation

A

loss of an electrons

113
Q

reduction

A

gaining of electrons

114
Q

thylakoids

A

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, photosynthesis takes place, and arranged in stacks or grana

115
Q

stroma

A

fluid in chloroplasts

116
Q

dormant

A

seed that don’t germinate despite favorable conditions of moisture, temperature, and oxygen

117
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

118
Q

coleorhiza

A

tissue in monocot seeds that surrounds and protects the root end of the embryo

119
Q

year of plants evolvement

A
  • 475 million plants with cuticle, corky tissues, stomates
  • 420 million plants with vascular systems, roots, stems, and leaves
  • 360 million seed plants
  • 130 million flowering plants
120
Q

Green Revolution

A

1970s, many countries became self-sufficient in food production due to the introduction of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice

121
Q

SET

A
  • Margulis
  • eukaryotic organelles originated from ancient bacteria that took up in another cell
  • organelles included mitochondria and chloroplasts
122
Q

herbal

A

book which contains information on the medicinal properties of plants

123
Q

scarification

A

involves weakening, opening, or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to encourage germination

124
Q

flora

A

list of the plant life of a particular region or period

125
Q

periderm

A
  • contains the cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm
  • the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening
  • replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis
126
Q

cork cambium

A
  • tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the epidermis
  • lateral meristem
  • responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems
127
Q

phelloderm

A
  • layer of tissue, very thin
  • produced on the inside of the cork cambium in woody plants
  • forms a secondary cortex
128
Q

mucigel

A
  • slimy substance that covers the root cap

- formed in golgi bodies

129
Q

gravitropism

A

is the movement or growth of a plant in response to gravity

130
Q

annual

A

one year life cycle

131
Q

biennial

A

two year life cycle

132
Q

perennial

A

more than two year life cycle

LAST BIO CLASS EVER YOU CAN DO THIS (3 decks)

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