Unit #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Borlaug
A
- Iowan, plant pathologist, agronomist
- “green revolution”
- founder of World Food Prize
2
Q
Aristotle
A
- Greek philosopher
- formal logic, naturalism, physics, metaphysics
- biology: taxonomy and morphology
3
Q
Theophrastus
A
- student and successor of Aristotle
- “father” of botany
4
Q
Dioscorides
A
- Greek physician and military surgeon
- travelled and collected information about plants
5
Q
Avicenna
A
- Iranian Islamic philosopher/physician
- “Book of Healing”
- medical properties of plants
6
Q
Brunfels
A
- Greek Carthusian Monk
- accurate illustrations of plants and herbs
7
Q
Culpeper
A
- English physician
- “The Complete Physitian” aka “Culpeper’s Herbal”
8
Q
Malpighi
A
- Italian physiologist
- studied stem and root tissues, water movement by capillary action
- plant anatomy
9
Q
Grew
A
- English plant anatomist
- studied wood, plant cells, water movement by pumping action by xylem parenchyma
10
Q
van Helmont
A
- Belgian physician and chemist
- plant physiology
- “willow tree in a tub” experiment
11
Q
Linnaeus
A
- binomial nomenclature
- plant taxonomy
- Species Plantarum
12
Q
von Humboldt
A
- German naturalists and explorer
- plant biogeography
- “invented nature”, connected animals, plants, and geology with humans and nature
13
Q
Hooker
A
- British botanist
- floras=list of every plant in a certain area
- friend of Darwin
14
Q
Margulis
A
- American biologist
- SET
- Gaia hypothesis
15
Q
Hooke
A
- built microscopes, English experimenter, surveyor
- first human to see bacteria, first to use the term ‘cell’
- Saw in a piece of cork
16
Q
van Leeuwenhoek
A
- made strong magnifiers
- first to see individual cells and saw them as living
17
Q
Schlseiden and Schwann
A
- plants and animals are composed of cells
- known as the “fathers” of the cell theory
18
Q
Why are plants important?
A
- primary producers in ecosystems
- oxygen for the ozone layer
- oxygen for aerobic respiration
- water cycle (transpiration)
- climate (carbon sequestration)
- human food
- products/uses
- aesthetics
19
Q
Pyramid of Producers and Consumers
A
Top: Tertiary consumers (10 J) Middle: Secondary consumers (100 J) Middle: Primary consumers (1,000 J) Bottom: Primary producers (10,000 J) SUNLIGHT 100,000 J
20
Q
% of human calories per plant
A
- Maize 19.5%
- Rice 16.5%
- Wheat 15%
- Cassava 2.6%
- Soybean 2.1%
- Potato 1.7%
- Yams 1%
21
Q
Doctrine of Signatures
A
belief that God created plants to benefit humans, usually in a medical way
22
Q
alkaloids
A
- bitter tasting nitrogen-containing ring compounds that are physiologically active in vertebrates
- ex: nicotine, caffeine, theobromine
23
Q
glycosides
A
- a sugar (usually glucose) is attached to the active component
- can release HCN
- contain steroid active ingredients and affect heart muscle contractions
24
Q
cell wall
A
- provides strength and limited plasticity
- mechanical support
- tubes for long-distance transport
- prevent water loss
- protection from insects and pathogens
- cell-to-cell communication
25
cell membrane
protection
26
cytoplasm
- suspendes organelles
| - mainly water
27
ER
- rough makes ribosomes
| - smooth regulates and makes calcium
28
dictyosomes
- aka golgi bodies
| - transports between golgi and other organelles
29
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes
break down fatty acids and oxidizes fatty acids to produce sugar
30
tonoplast
surrounds vacuole, protection
31
cell sap
inside vacuole, consists of water, amino acids, sugar, and salts
32
druses and raphides
-crystals that are defense against herbivores and store calcium
33
plasmodesmata
channels for communication between cells
34
Components of the plant cell wall
- Middle Lamella; pectic substances (pectic acid, pectin, calcium pectate), proteins, lignin, first structure to be deposited, space between cells
- Primary Wall; cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, enzymes, glycoproteins, lignin, second to be deposited, contains primary pit fields to from plasmodesmata
- Secondary Wall; cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, additional protection, final structure to be deposited, sections missing are called pits
35
monocot
containing one cotyledon
36
dicot
containing two cotyledons
37
parenchyma cells
- polyhedrons, loosely arranged, spherical, ground tissue
- have primary walls that are thin and flexible
- most lack secondary walls
- alive
- located everywhere
- perform metabolic functions, synthesize/stores organic products
- simple, vascular, and ground tissue
38
collenchyma cells
- elongated cells that are also flexible, ground tissue
- thick primary wall, uneven
- alive
- located in young stems, under epidermis
- help support young parts of plant shoot,
- provides flexible support without resisting growth
- simple, ground tissue
39
sclereid cells
- boxier, slender in shape, ground tissue, sclerenchyma
- thick lignified secondary walls
- alive or dead
- located in parts of plants that have stopped growing
- gritty texture to pear fruits, hardness of nutshells, seed coats, and supporting elements
- simple tissue=sclerenchyma
40
fibers
- long, slender, and tapered, rigid, ground tissue, sclerenchyma
- very thick secondary walls
- dead
- located in parts of plants that have stopped growing
- support and strengthening sciereids, supporting elements
- simple tissue=sclerenchyma, vascular tissue
41
tracheids
- long, thin, and elongated
- secondary walls
- dead
- xylem of vascular plants
- transport water and mineral salts
- vascular tissue in xylem
42
vessel elements
- wider, shorter, elongated, hollow tube
- thin walled, dead
- xylem of vascular plants
- allows water to flow freely through them
- vascular tissue in xylem
43
sieve-tube members
- elongated, bag of cytoplasm, no nucleus
- cell wall is connected to companion cells by the plasmodesmata
- alive
- phylum
- transport sugars to other parts of plants
- vascular tissue in phloem
44
companion cells
- connected to sieve-tube members, has nucleus, supports
- cell wall is connected to sieve-tube cells by the plasmodesmata
- alive
- phylum
- help load sugars into sieve-tube elements, controls/helps regulate sieve-tube cells
- vascular tissue in phloem
45
epidermal cells
- compressed, outer layer of section, no chloroplasts, different shapes
- primary wall only
- alive
- cover stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed epidermis
- boundary between plant and extremal environment, excretes waxy layer to remain water proof
- dermal tissue
46
guard cells
- sausage shaped, bean, contains chloroplasts
- primary wall only
- alive
- located in the epidermis
- gaseous exchange
- dermal tissue
47
trichomes
- variable, spikey
- primary wall only
- alive
- located in the epidermis
- reflect solar radiation
- create a "dead-air" space on the surface of a leaf
- absorb water and minerals
- secrete salt
- secrete defensive chemicals or other substances
- defend against insects
- dermal tissue
48
meristematic tissue
- root, divides
| - may be able to find original cell
49
primary tissue
- broken into three parts; ground, dermal, and vascular
| - primary tissues are produced by primary meristems
50
dermal tissue
-epidermal, guard cells, and trichomes
51
elongation
primary growth
52
growth in diameter
secondary growth
53
function of roots
- absorption/conduction
- anchorage
- storage
- hormones
54
adventitious root
- growing from an unusual place
| - ex: growing from a stem instead of a root
55
taproot
grows vertically toward the center of the earth
56
fibrous root system
grows laterally
57
root cap
protection, replaced, helps the root push through the soil
58
zone of differentiation
-contains root hairs, mature adult function cells,
59
zone of elongation
-middle of root
60
zone of cell division (including apical meristem)
- contains ground meristem (becomes pith and cortex), pro cambium (develop into phloem and xylem), and a protoderm (gives rise to epidermis)
- closest to root cap
61
root hairs
increasing the surface area of the root
62
quiescent center
area of apical meristem in a root that does not have cell division occurring
63
rhizosphere
zone of soil surrounding root system
64
cortex
function of storing, cells just inside the epidermis, but outside the endodermis
65
epidermis
layer of cells surrounding the root, functions as protection
66
endodermis
functions as a filter, contains the xylem and phloem
67
Casparian strip
- layer inside of the endodermis
- controls the passage of water and minerals into the endodermis
- in the middle lamella of the transverse and radical walls
68
pericycle
- origin of lateral roots
- found inside of endodermis
- contributes to vascular and cork cambium
69
pith
- found in monocot roots
- ground tissue in the center
- stores and transports nutrients
70
mycorrhizae
- fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the plant
- fungus gains nutrients from the plant
- plant gain increased root surface area, protection, and increases the plants supply of phosphorous
71
root nodules
- plant provides shelter and nourishment for the bacteria
| - bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to the plant
72
perforation plate
area or areas in which there is no shared wall material or membrane
73
sieve plates
pores in the plant cell walls that facilitate transport of materials between them
74
callose
plant polysaccharide that contains glucose, helps with cell growth and differentiation
75
p-protein
aggregate at the sieve plate to form a “clot” which prevents the leakage of phloem exudates through the wound
76
stomata
facilitates photosynthesis
77
xylem
- parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers, tracheids, and vessel elements
- transport of water
- toward middle of root/stem/leaf
- primary=normal functions
- secondary=thickens cell walls, gains more support (wood)
78
phloem
- parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers, sieve-tube fibers, companion cells, and albuminous cells
- transport of nutrients and food
- toward outer part of root/stem/leaf
- primary=normal functions
- secondary=die and become bark
79
function of stems
- conduction (water up, food up or down)
- lifts foliage out of the reach of herbivores or competitors and speeds out the foliage
- lifts reproductive parts out of the reach of herbivores and helps dispersal
- certain specialized stems; photosynthesis, storage, reproduction, and protection
80
stele
central cylinder of tissue
81
protostele
when a cross section of a stem has a complete ring of ground tissue and inside a complete ring called a vascular cylinder
82
siphonostele
- a stele consisting of a core of pith surrounded by concentric layers of xylem and phloem
- the vascular cylinders are touching but separate
- woody stems
83
eustele
- consists of vascular bundles of xylem and phloem strands with parenchymal cells between the bundles
- vascular cylinders are separate, not touching, little triangles
- herbaceous dicot stems
84
atactostele
- vascular tissue in the stem exists as scattered bundles
| - monocot stems
85
heartwood
the dense inner part of a tree trunk, yielding the hardest timber
86
sapwood
the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue
87
resin canal
- elongated, tube-shaped intercellular spaces surrounded by epithelial cells which secrete resin into the canal
- found in wood
88
summer wood
the harder less porous portion of an annual ring of wood that develops late in the growing season
89
spring wood
the softer more porous portion of an annual ring of wood that develops early in the growing season
90
softwood
the wood from a conifer (such as pine, fir, or spruce) as distinguished from that of broadleaved trees.
91
hardwood
the wood from a broadleaved tree (such as oak, ash, or beech) as distinguished from that of conifers.
92
node
the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge
93
internode
a part of a plant stem between two of the nodes from which leaves emerge
94
leaf scar
mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig
95
bundle scars
small mark on a leaf scar indicating a point where a vein from the leaf was once connected with the stem
96
axillary bud
a bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster
97
terminal bud
the primary growing point at the top of the stem of a plant
98
bud scales
which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud
99
function of leaves
- photosynthesis
- gas exchange (CO2 in, H2O out)
- certain specialized leaves; storage, reproduction, protection, insect capture, and support
100
simple leaf
blade is undivided
101
blade/lamina
the broad, flat part of a leaf
102
compound leaf
blade is divided into several leaflets
103
palmately compound leaf
leaflets arise form a common point
104
pinnately compound
leaflets arise at several locations along an elongate axis
105
rachis
the stem of a leaf, an elongated axis
106
alternative leaf arrangement
- leaves are alternate on opposite sides of the stem
| - right leaf---stem---left leaf---stem---right leaf
107
opposite leaf arrangement
leaves are on the same spot on the stem, right and left
108
whorled leaf arrangement
stem goes through a bundle of leaves; two or more
109
mesophyll
- ground tissue in a leaf
- layer between upper and lower epidermal layers in a leaf
- assists in photosynthesis
110
palisade mesophyll
one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf
111
spongey mesophyll
below the palisade, parenchyma cells are loosely arranged with air spaces through which CO2 and O2 can circulate through
112
oxidation
loss of an electrons
113
reduction
gaining of electrons
114
thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, photosynthesis takes place, and arranged in stacks or grana
115
stroma
fluid in chloroplasts
116
dormant
seed that don't germinate despite favorable conditions of moisture, temperature, and oxygen
117
radicle
embryonic root
118
coleorhiza
tissue in monocot seeds that surrounds and protects the root end of the embryo
119
year of plants evolvement
- 475 million plants with cuticle, corky tissues, stomates
- 420 million plants with vascular systems, roots, stems, and leaves
- 360 million seed plants
- 130 million flowering plants
120
Green Revolution
1970s, many countries became self-sufficient in food production due to the introduction of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice
121
SET
- Margulis
- eukaryotic organelles originated from ancient bacteria that took up in another cell
- organelles included mitochondria and chloroplasts
122
herbal
book which contains information on the medicinal properties of plants
123
scarification
involves weakening, opening, or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to encourage germination
124
flora
list of the plant life of a particular region or period
125
periderm
- contains the cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm
- the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening
- replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis
126
cork cambium
- tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the epidermis
- lateral meristem
- responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems
127
phelloderm
- layer of tissue, very thin
- produced on the inside of the cork cambium in woody plants
- forms a secondary cortex
128
mucigel
- slimy substance that covers the root cap
| - formed in golgi bodies
129
gravitropism
is the movement or growth of a plant in response to gravity
130
annual
one year life cycle
131
biennial
two year life cycle
132
perennial
more than two year life cycle
