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Anatomy Exam 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of connective tissues (4)

A
  1. most abundant tissue in the body, large variety of shapes and functions.
  2. not exposed to outside environment
  3. consist of specialized cells - extracellular protein fibers and ground substance make up the matrix. Ground substance consists of water, proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. clear and gelatinous.
  4. cells are suspended in the matrix, namely fibroblasts and melanocytes.
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2
Q

Functions of CT (6)

A
  1. structural framework of the body (bones).
  2. transport fluids and dissolved material. (blood)
  3. protect organs (bones).
  4. support, surround, and connect other tissues (bones).
  5. store energy reserves (lipids).
  6. defend body from invading microorganism. (lymph)
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3
Q

connective tissue proper

A

many types of cells and extracellular fibers in syrupy ground substance
CONNECTION AND PROTECTION.
2 types - loose (adipose)
dense (tendons)

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4
Q

fluid CT

A

specific groups of cells suspended in a watery matrix.
TRANSPORTATION.
types - blood and lymph

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5
Q

supporting CT

A

Fewer types of cells suspended in a matrix densely packed with fibers.
STRUCTURAL STRENGTH.
types - cartilage, bone.

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6
Q

permanent residents of CT

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells.

MAINTAIN, REPAIR, AND STORE ENERGY.

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7
Q

migrating cells in CT

A

macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes.

AGGREGATE AT SITES OF INJURY.

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8
Q

fibroblasts

A

most abundant and always present.
start shaped.
produce fibers (collagen, reticular, & elastic) and proteoglycans for ground substance.

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9
Q

collagen

A

the most abundant protein in humans.

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10
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that make up the first line of defense for the immune system.
migrate around engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, dead or dying cells.

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11
Q

fixed macrophages

A

stay within tissue

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12
Q

free macrophages

A

migrate through tissue

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13
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells

store lipids

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14
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells that form fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, etc.

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15
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize and store melanin.

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16
Q

mast cells

A

found near blood vessel
contain histamine (increases blood flow)
also contains heparin (prevents blood clotting)
released following injury and lead to inflammation

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17
Q

lymphocytes

A

immune system cells

develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies,

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18
Q

collagen fibers

A

long, straight, unbranched.
most common
flexible yet stronger than steel when pulled from ends
occurs in TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, BONES, ETC.

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19
Q

reticular fibers

A

reticulum = network
similar to collagen in composition but form thin, branching networks.
tough but flexible.
cells, blood vessels, and nerves stabilized within them.

20
Q

elastic fibers

A 
contain the protein elastin
very thin
branched and wavy fibers
flexible, stretchable.
found BETWEEN VERTEBRAE.
21
Q

ground substance

A

fills space between cells and surrounding CT fibers.
Contains proteoglycans and glycoproteins - gives it a clear, colorless, viscous appearance.
Pathogens move slowly through it, allows phagocytes to catch up and destroy them.

22
Q

CT proper - loose CT

A

distributed throughout the body as a binding and packing material, irregular arrangement of fibers allows for flexibility ands stretch in multiple directions.
ORGANS, VESSELS, NERVES.

23
Q

CT proper - loose CT Areolar

A 
mostly ground substance
contains elastic fiber, resilient to distortions
loosely organized tissue
many blood vessels, good for injections
UNDER SKIN
24
Q

ct proper - loose CT

Adipose

A

adipocytes contain large droplet of lipid

absorbs shock, pads, insulates.

25
Q

ct proper - loose ct

reticular

A

fibrous supporting framework

spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lots of blood cells.

26
Q

dense ct

A

contains numerous tightly packed fibers, mostly collagen, few blood vessels, slow to heal.

27
Q

dense regular ct

A

fibers run parallel to each other and align with the forces applied to the area
contain many fibroblasts.
tendons & ligaments.

28
Q

dense irregular ct

A

web of fibers with no specific pattern
provides strength to resist forces applied from multiple directions
forms protective sheath around cartilage and bone, capsule over some organs, encloses joints

29
Q

elastic tissue

A

densely packed collagen fibers along with elastic fibers and fibroblasts.
walls of large blood vessels, ligaments between vertebrae and penis

30
Q

fluid CT (2)

A

blood
lymph - interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels; important in maintaining blood volume, role in immune system monitoring and essential for maintenance of homeostasis

31
Q

cartilage

A

a. – firm gel that contains chondroitin sulfates; somewhat flexible yet strong; avascular (antiangiogenesis factor prevents blood vessel entry into cartilage); no blood flow – does not heal well
i. chondrocytes – cartilage cells
ii. lacunae – chambers that the chondrocytes occupy
perichondrium – protect

32
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

covered by perchondrium, closely packed collagen fibers; connections between ribs and sternum, in synovial joints, nasal cartilage, larynx, bronchi.

33
Q

elastic cartilage

A

mostly elastic fibers; extremely flexible; ear, epiglottis

34
Q

fibrocartilage

A

little ground substance, mostly collagen fibers in matrix; extremely tough; pads between vertebrate, some joints (knee)

35
Q

Bone

A

little ground substance; the matrix is calcified, mostly calcium salts, calcium phosphate and collagen; very hard, strong yet somewhat flexible; vascular; heals quickly

36
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

37
Q

lacunae

A

chambers that osteocytes occupy

38
Q

canaliculi

A

canals that connect osteocytes to blood vessels and to one another

39
Q

periosteum

A

. fibrous sheath (dense irregular connective tissue on outside)
2. cellular layer (on inside) that protects bones except in joint areas

40
Q

Fasciae – connective tissue layers (3)

A

i. adipose tissue; also called the subcutaneous layer; subcutaneous injections.
ii. deep fascia: dense irregular connective tissue; fibers in each layer run in different directions to increase strength; bound to the capsules surrounding organs, tendons, ligaments
subserous fascia: areolar tissue between deep fascia and serous membranes;

41
Q

scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency: As an anitoxidant vitamin C’s primary role is to neutralize free radicals (an atom that has an unpaired electron in its outer orbital) by donating electrons

42
Q

symptoms of scurvy

A

Scurvy is characterized by the degeneration of connective tissue, which
leads to weakness and joint pain. The symptoms of scurvy are more pronounced in areas
where collagen turnover takes place at a faster rate. The periodontal ligament that holds
teeth in their sockets is such an area, and thus the symptoms of loose teeth. Lack of
collagen also leads to the breakdown of the walls of the capillaries (blood vessels are very
susceptible to lack of vitamin C), resulting in internal hemorrhaging and black-and-blue
marks on the body, and even pathological fractures may occur.

43
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

movement and heat

44
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long cells with multiple nuclei
striated
voluntary

45
Q

cardiac tissue

A

shorter cells than skeletal
striated
intercalated discs
involuntary

46
Q

smooth tissue

A

spindle-shaped
no striations
involuntary

47
Q

nervous tissue

A

Specialized for conducting electrical impulse from one regain of the body to another.
Two basis cell types: neurons (signal conducting cells), and neuroglia (support cells).
Most neurons cannot divide, limited repair ability. Single nucleus cell body, with many branching process called dendrites (receives impulse from other neurons) and one axon (conducts impulse to other cells).

Anatomy Exam 1 (3 decks)

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