Unit 2

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

The study of tissues, specialized group of cells that perform a specific function.

Question 2

Epithelial

Answer 2

Closely spaced cells in layers that cover surfaces and organs, line cavities and ducts, form glands.

Question 3

Connective

Answer 3

More extracellular matrix than cell volume

Question 4

Muscle

Answer 4

Long excitable cells that generate force to move structures of the body.

Question 5

Nervous

Answer 5

Excitable cells that transmit pulses of information.

Question 6

4 functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

Physical protection, permeability barriers, innervations, glandular secretions.

Question 7

Structure of epithelial tissues

Answer 7

Located throughout the body forming the outer layer of skin, inner lining of body cavities, tubes, and ducts, covering over the viscera.

Question 8

5 characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 8

Polarity - specific surfaces and uneven distribution of cell organelles: apical, lateral, basal, basal lamina.
Cellularity - cells connected and fit tightest together at cell junctions.
Attachment - attached to underlying basal lamina.
Avascularity - no blood vessels
Regeneration

Question 9

Tight junction

Answer 9

Interlocking zipper-like adhesion belt fastens between cells that are impermeable. Keeps enzymes, acids, and wastes in the intestine.

Question 10

Gap junction

Answer 10

Plasma membrane channels join; ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pass from cell to cell, held together by connexons,

essential for muscle cell contraction in cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 11

Desmosone

Answer 11

Dense areas, very strong and resist mechanical stress such as stretching and twisting.
Abundant in superficial layers of skin which shed in sheets not individual cells.
Protein filaments stitch cells together.

Question 12

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 12

Connects epithelial cells to the basal lamina.

Question 13

Apical surface

Answer 13

Exposed to the exterior of the body or into a body cavity, or the interior/lumen of an organ.
May have cilia or microvilli.

Question 14

Lateral surface

Answer 14

Faces the neighboring cells, connections to other cells.

Question 15

Basal surface

Answer 15

Adheres to the basement membrane or basal lamina

Question 16

Basal lamina

Answer 16

Layer of glycoproteins and fibers that joints epithelial cells to connective tissue.

Have a border which helps make the free end of the cell easy to identify.

Question 17

simple squamous

Answer 17

thin, flat, fried egg shaped, nucleus flattened, very thin layer.
rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretion of lubricating fluid.
LOCATION - air sacs of lungs, inner lining of heart and blood vessels, serous membranes of stomach, intestines, other.
PROTECTION, REDUCES FRICTION WITHIN BODY CAVITIES, DIFFUSION.

Question 18

Stratified squamous

Answer 18

multiple layers of cells that get flatter as they reach the surface - thick.
keratinized - lack nuclei, dead, contain keratin and slows water loss.
nonkeratinized - no keratin, surface cells alive, in moist ares.
PROTECT FROM ABRASION AND PENETRATION.

Question 19

simple cuboidal

Answer 19

square, nucleus round and located toward the center of the cell.
LOCATION - thyroid, mammary glands, salivary glands, kidney tubules.
PRODUCTION OF MUCOUS, HORMONES, AND FLUIDS SUCH AS SALIVA AND MILK.

Question 20

stratified cuboidal

Answer 20

two or more layers of cuboidal cells, RARE.
LOCATION - ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands.
SECRETION

Question 21

Simple columnar

Answer 21

tall, narrow cells, nucleus located near bottom of cell, may have microvilli or cilia on the apical surface.
LOCATION - intestines, uterus, uterine tubules.
ABSORPTION AND SECRETION, MOVEMENT OF EGG AND ZYGOTE, SECRETION OF MUCOUS.

Question 22

pseudostratified columnar

Answer 22

all cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells are tall enough to reach the free surface.
LOCATION - respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi, male reproductive tract.
SECRETES AND PROPELS MUCOUS.

Question 23

transitional epithelia

Answer 23

tolerates cycles of stretching and recoiling, ranging from cuboidal (empty bladder) to squamous (full bladder).
LOCATION - urinary bladder.
PERMITS EXPANSION FOR URINE STORAGE.

Question 24

Glands

Answer 24

a collections of epithelia cells that produce secretion. 2 kinds. endocrine and exocrine.

Question 25

endocrine glands

Answer 25

inside. ductless glands that secrete products (hormones) into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid. Secretions regulate metabolic and physiological activities. INCLUDE PITUITARY, THYROID, AND ADRENAL GLANDS.

Question 26

exocrine glands

Answer 26

outside, connected by ducts to the skin surface or onto epithelium lining a passageway that opens to the outside (mouth).
INCLUDE OIL, SWEAT, MAMMARY, AND SALIVARY GLANDS.

Question 27

modes of secretion in exocrine gland - merocrine glands

Answer 27

Secretory product is packaged by the Golgi complex and released from the cell in
secretory vesicles by exocytosis; most exocrine glands are this type (i.e. salivary glands

Question 28

modes of secretion on exocrine gland - apocrine

Answer 28

Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell and that
portion of the cell pinches off. The rest of the cell repairs itself; mammary gland secretions are a
combination of merocrine and apocrine.

Question 29

modes of secretion on exocrine gland - holocrine

Answer 29

Accumulate a secretory product, the cell burst and is replaced (i.e. sebaceous
glands {oil} glands of the skin).

Question 30

serous secretion

Answer 30

watery solution with enzymes.

parotid salivary glands.

Question 31

mucous secretion

Answer 31

mucins mix with water to form mucous, lubrication for less friction when swallowing.
submucosal glands in the small intestine.

Question 32

mixed exocrine secretion

Answer 32

combination of serous and mucous

submandibular salivary glands.

Question 33

gland structure - unicellular

Answer 33

single celled, only found in goblet cells.

small intestine and trachea, secreted mucins.

Question 34

gland structure - multicellular (4)

Answer 34

1. simple - no branching
2. compound - branching.
   secretory portion -
3. tubular
4. acinar or alveolar - flasklike or bulblike