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History Of Science > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the influence of basic science on later applied scientific innovations?

A

Although more economically profitable, applied science could not occur without initial basic scientific research

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2
Q

During the 20th century, what was the emphasis in science?

A

Science as a profit-making business

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3
Q

What basic science was Einstein responsible for?

A

Energy and mass

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4
Q

What basic science was Rutherford responsible for?

A

Divisible atom

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5
Q

What applied science came out of the findings of Einstein and Rutherford?

A

Nuclear weapons and power

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6
Q

What basic science was Fleming responsible for?

A

Inhibition of bacterial growth

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7
Q

What applied science came out of the findings of Fleming?

A

Antibiotics

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8
Q

What basic science we’re Franklin and Wilkins responsible for?

A

X-ray diffraction images of DNA

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9
Q

What basic science were Watson and crick responsible for?

A

Deduction of the double helix of DNA

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10
Q

What applied science came out of the findings of Franklin, Wilkins, Watson and crick?

A

Sequencing of human genome (leading to medical diagnoses and therapeutic strategies)

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11
Q

How did the idea of solo scientists change during the 20th century?

A

Change from solo scientists to collaborative teams with research budgets

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12
Q

How does the large amount of money and specialized equipment needed for modern science potential he have a negative affect on science?

A

By changing it from being about the pursuit of knowledge to an assembly line of patentable products

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13
Q

What was Albert Einstein’s great discovery?

A

Theory of Relativity: That physical properties such as time, space, and mass are not absolute, but, rather, are relative to a specific reference system

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14
Q

How did Albert Einstein we define light?

A

As discrete particles called quanta, light causes the release of electrons when shone on certain materials

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15
Q

What is special about special relativity? (1905)

A

It only applies to systems under uniform velocity: space, time, mass, and energy are linked.

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16
Q

What is one of the consequences of E= MC squared?

A

Mass and energy can be converted into each other.

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17
Q

What is the maximum speed for any object?

A

The speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 300,000 km/s)

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18
Q

In what year did Einstein publish his general theory of relativity?

A

1915

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19
Q

How was the general theory of relativity different from the special theory of relativity?

A

Is extended special relativity so it encompassed systems undergoing acceleration. It also demonstrated the connection between gravity and special relativity.

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20
Q

What 3 things did the general theory of relativity predict?

A
  1. Black holes
  2. Variation in the orbits of planets
  3. The ability of massive sources of gravity, such as the sun, to bend light.
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21
Q

When was the third prediction in the general theory of relativity proven to be true?

A

In 1919 when a solar eclipse was observed

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22
Q

What did the unified field theory try to connect?

A

The forces of electromagnetism and gravity

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23
Q

Why were Einstein’s questions remarkable?

A

Because the things he questioned were mistakenly regarded as being too obvious to require clarification or analysis (Infeld)

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24
Q

Genetics

A

Science of heredity

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25
Q

Darwin was correct in assuming that variation allowed for gradual change over time. What was he mistaken about?

A

He was not successful in correctly identifying the genetic mechanism responsible for this variation or its transmission to subsequent generations

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26
Q

Who was Gregor Mandel and what kind of experiments did he do?

A

He was an Austrian monk, the father of genetics, he did experiments with pea plants

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27
Q

What understanding did Mendels research lead to?

A

It like to understanding “gene” as the unit of heredity

28
Q

What two genetic principles came out of Mendel’s research?

A
  1. The principle of segregation

2. the principle of independent assortment

29
Q

What was Mendel’s belief regarding why certain traits skipped a generation?

A

pairs of traits

30
Q

What did Mendel discover regarding inheritance?

A

Inheritance of one parental trait was independent of inheritance of the other

31
Q

Mendel was able to describe how traits are transmitted to subsequent generations. What was he not able to discover?

A

He was not aware of the nature of the genetic material that encoded these inherited traits (we now know it is DNA)

32
Q

How does DNA encode the amino acid sequence of proteins?

A

Through a three letter code

33
Q

What is the concern with manipulating DNA in the laboratory?

A

studying the building blocks of human life can lead to attempts to manipulate life at its fundamental level

34
Q

When was the concept of atoms first proposed?

A

During the fifth century BC

35
Q

Who developed the atomic theory of matter in 1808?

A

John Dalton. Atoms were thought to be solid and indivisible

36
Q

Who discovered electrons?

A

JJ Thompson

37
Q

Who discovered alpha and beta radiation?

A

Ernest Rutherford

38
Q

Who was the first to split the atom?

A

Ernest Rutherford

39
Q

What was discovered about the atom in 1932?

A

Neutrons - The full picture is a central positively charged nucleus is surrounded by clouds of negative electrons that possess both wave and particle like properties

40
Q

Why is our understanding of the atom not complete?

A

Because the scientific model of the atom is continually evolving

41
Q

The findings of what two great thinkers led to the realization that if the atom could be split tremendous amounts of energy would be released?

A

Rutherford and Einstein. Although, Rutherford did not support the idea of practical applications of nuclear energy

42
Q

Who produced the first nuclear chain reaction splitting one atom causing the splitting of others in 1942?

A

Enrico Fermi

43
Q

What were the two great advances in medicine?

A
  1. Improved treatment of disease: antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections, vaccinations for debilitating childhood diseases such as polio
  2. Safer surgery: successful organ transplants
44
Q

Medicine =

A

Basic + applied science

45
Q

What was the Babbage difference machine?

A

An early form of the computer. It was more of a curiosity and had functions more like a calculator

46
Q

How did IBM’s mark one computer keep program instruction separate from information storage within the device?

A

Punch cards

47
Q

What was the first digital computer?

A

ENIAC

48
Q

How did basic research into semi conductors help with early computers?

A

It enabled the computers vacuum tubes to be replaced with smaller transistors and silicon chips

49
Q

Why was much of the early development of the computer overshadowed by secrecy of war?

A

Because they were used as code-breakers and for munitions calculations

50
Q

What were computers initially designed for?

A

To increase speed, accuracy, and efficiency of calculation and data storage

51
Q

What responsibility is carried by the potential of scientific innovations?

A

Responsibility for the effects of those innovations

52
Q

What is one potential reason why scientific inquiry could come to an end?

A

Society may eventually reach a point where it is no longer willing to supply funds for research

53
Q

Name three motivations of science

A
  1. The pursuit of knowledge
  2. Potential financial gain
  3. To further political ends, such as war
54
Q

How do you cultural influences of contemporary society affect science?

A
  1. Which scientific experiments are performed
  2. How science is performed
  3. What is done with the consequences of scientific innovation
55
Q

Whose Experment helped Rutherford prove that an atom had a small nucleus?

A

Ernest Marsden

56
Q

Why were peaceful uses of atomic energy not pursued earlier?

A

They were of little immediate use or importance to our world at war

57
Q

Why was the atomic bomb an instrument for peace according to Oppenheimer?

A

Because it showed that war was obsolete

58
Q

More specialization in medical care equals more…

A

Cost

59
Q

Greater spending on medical care, higher number of doctors, and greater cost of pharmaceuticals does not equal what?

A

Higher life expectancy

60
Q

How much of the worlds population is affected by TB?

A

Over 30%

61
Q

Why is information technology seen as for better and for worse?

A

Because it carries both enormous possibilities for the betterment of human life and also dangers which can, as yet, be only dimly perceived and impossible to place in perspective

62
Q

What was a major breakthrough in information technology?

A

The transistor which used semi conductor materials (silicon)

63
Q

What two results came out of the introduction of silicon chips?

A
  1. Lower cost machines

2. Smaller machines

64
Q

What two countries led the way in IT advancements?

A

The USA and Japan

65
Q

Why was it difficult to stop people linking to ARPANET?

A

Because TCP/IP software was public domain

History Of Science (3 decks)

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