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Alirocumab > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Cardio 3

1
Q

Name 3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries the smallest vessels which exchange substances with body tissues
Veins: carry blood back to the heart

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2
Q

What type of blood vessels are affected by atherosclerosis

A

arteries

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3
Q

Name the layers of the arterial wall

A 
lumen
endothelium 
Tunica intima 
Tunica media 
Tunica adventitious
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4
Q

Function of the endothelium

A

The endothelium cell within the endothelium work to maintain a surface that does not allow
abnormal clots to formally only clotting when local injury occur

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5
Q

Endothelium dysfunction contributes to..

A

Abnormal development of atheromas (plaque) and of blood clots (thrombi) both of which will reduce the supply of oxygenated blood to the organs

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6
Q

Arteriosclerosis is defined as

A

A group of diseases characterised by the thickening and loss of elasticity

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7
Q

Define Atherosclerosis

A

Defined as a chronic inflammatory response to the accumulation of the lipids in the arteries

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8
Q

Plaque is composed of?

A 
callogen 
calcium 
lipids (cholesterol and cholesterol esters)
cell debris 
smooth muscle cells
core covered by a white fibrous cap
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9
Q

Plaques can only be found in these arteries

A

coronary arteries
carotid and vertebral arteries
peripheral arteries
renal arteries

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10
Q

A clott that stays in place is called?

A

thrombus

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11
Q

A clot that breaks away is called?

A

embolus

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12
Q

ischaemia?

A

insufficient oxygen supply

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13
Q

Causes the development of endothelium injury or dysfunction

A

elevated levels in the body of
LDL
non-HDL
apo-B

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14
Q

What is ACS (acute coronary syndrome)

A

STEMI
NSTEMI
Unstable angina

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15
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

1 Injury ruptures blood vessels
2 platelets stick to each other and collagen fibres forming a plug. Blood loss is reduced.
3 fibrin forms a mesh work that traps cells and platelets forming a clot that seals the wound

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16
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

an enzyme that helps digest and erode the clot

17
Q

what is stable angina

A

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia that occurs in response to increased myocardial oxygen demands such as excerise emotional stress or excitement

18
Q

Tests to confirm ACS

A

ECG

blood tests that evaluate cardiac biomarkers

19
Q

P-QRS-T wave on an ECG

A

P wave = electrical activity during arterial contraction
QRS was wondering = ventricular contraction
T wave = ventricular relaxation

20
Q

Name the biomarkers to diagnose acute MI

A

troponin I or T
are enzymes in the body that elevated with cardiac muscle death
Troponin is considered to be the most sensitive and may show within 3-4 hrs after onset of symptoms.

21
Q

When should Troponin test be done after an MI

A

asap and 10-12 hrs after the event

22
Q

What does a STEMI indicate

A

acute event in which the thrombus or embolus has totally occluded or blocked the coronary blood vessels that feed a particular section of the heart causing cell death in the section

23
Q

Unstable angina and NSTEMI

A

Conditions in which the thrombus partially occludes or temporarily blocks the coronary blood vessels feeding a particular area of the heart

24
Q

NSTEMI vs UA

A

Elevated troponin are considered positive for an NSTEMI and a negative or.not elevated biomarker are more indicative of UA

25
Q

Stroke vs TIA

A

TIA symptoms are less then 60 mins

Stroke symptoms are for more then 60 mins

26
Q

Define Stroke

A

A blockage in the blood supply to the brain due to embolism or thrombosis or
A bleed in the brain

27
Q

Ischaemia stroke

A 
There are 2 broad types 
in which a clot known as a thrombus(stationary clot) or an embolus  ( moving clot that lodges) blocks supply of blood to the brain 
and haemorrhagic stroke 
in which there is a bleed 
Over 86% are ischaemic
28
Q

Modifiable risk factors that contribute to ASCVD

A 
Any of the following dyslipidaemias  (lipid abnormalities)
high LDL 
high levels of small LDL particles 
Triglycerides 
Lp (a)
TC 
Apo Bennett
None HDL-C
29
Q

None lipid modifiable risk factors

A 
smoking 
Hypertension 
Obesity
Physical inactivity  
diet
30
Q

Acquired risk factors that contribute to ASCVD

A

Diabetes
high levels of inflammatory markers hs-CRP
Thrombogenic factors
CKD

31
Q

LDL calculation

A

LDL = TC- HDL-C +TG/2.2 mmol/l

This formula cannot be used if TG level exceed 4.5mmol/l

32
Q

Elevation in non HDL-C is considered to be a risk factor in the development of ASCVD
Non HDL-C is composed of…

A 
intermediate IDL 
VLDL
VLDL remnants 
LDL 
chylomicrons remnants 
Lp-a
33
Q

Hypertension

A

blood pressure higher than 140/90

34
Q

Major risk factors for ASCVD

A 
Age
Family history 
smoking 
High blood pressure 
low HDL-C
35
Q

What role does HDL-C play

A

it plays a reverse role in cholesterol transport, the return of cholesterol to the liver where it can be excreted. Low levels of HDL-C is associated with higher incidence of coronary artery disease

Alirocumab (4 decks)

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