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Higher Physics > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalor quantity

A

Quantity with size only

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2
Q

Give some examples of scalor quantities

A

Distance, speed, time, mass, energy, power, temperature

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3
Q

What is a vector quantity

A

Quantities with magnitude and direction

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4
Q

Give some examples of vector quantities

A

Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight, momentum

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5
Q

How is magnitude and direction found from a vector diagram

A

Magnitude - Pythagoras

Direction - trigonometry (SOH-CAH-TOA)

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6
Q

How is velocity of a horizontal vector found

A

Vcos0

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7
Q

How is force of a vertical vector found

A

Fsin0

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8
Q

What angle is always used when finding rectangular components of vectors

A

Angle to the horizontal

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9
Q

When displacement is constant, what do the velocity and acceleration graphs look like?

A

Both are a straight line at 0 a long the x-axis

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10
Q

When velocity is constant what happens to the displacement on a motion-time graph

A

Increases

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11
Q

When there is a constant positive acceleration, what does the displacement - time graph look like

A

Smooth increasing curve ( _/ ) ➡️↗️

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12
Q

When there is a constant positive acceleration what happens to velocity

A

Velocity increases from zero upwards

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13
Q

When there is a constant negative acceleration what happens to the displacement

A

Smooth upwards curve ( ↗️➡️ )

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14
Q

How could displacement be found from a velocity-time graph

A

Area under graph

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15
Q

How could acceleration be found from a velocity-time graph

A

Gradient of line

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16
Q

How would velocity be found from a velocity time graph

A

Value from best fit line

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17
Q

How would displacement be found from a displacement-time graph

A

Value from best fit line

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18
Q

How would velocity be calculated from a displacement-time graph

A

Gradient of line

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19
Q

How would acceleration be found from a displacement-time graph

A

Calculate from velocity values, a = v-u/t

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20
Q

What indicates a change in direction on a velocity-time graph

A

Crossing the x-axis

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21
Q

Define acceleration

A

Change in velocity per second

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22
Q

From the equation a + v-u/t what does the u and v represent

A 
u = starting velocity 
v = final velocity
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23
Q

What experiment can be used to find the acceleration of an object

A

Measured using a trolley with a mask(s) and light gate (s)

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24
Q

What measurements would need to be made when measuring acceleration

A
  • length of mask
  • time through light gate(s)
  • time between light gates or time between masks
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25
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion

A

An object will remain at rest or continue in at a constant speed unless acted on by an unbalanced force

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26
Q

What is Newton’s second law

A

An unbalanced force will cause an object to accelerate

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27
Q

In what direction does friction act relative to the object

A

In the opposite direction

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28
Q

How can the unbalanced force be calculated

A

F = Fh - Ffric

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29
Q

What is tension

A

The pulling force acting on a cable

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30
Q

When a lift is stationary or moving at a constant speed are the forces balanced or unbalanced

A

Balanced

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31
Q

When are the forces unbalanced in a lift

A

When the lift is accelerating or decelerating

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32
Q

When is the value for ‘a’ in the equation T = mg + ma positive

A

Accelerating up or decelerating down

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33
Q

When is the value for ‘a’ negative

A

Accelerating down or decelerating up

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34
Q

In the rocket example of vertical thrust when are the forces balanced

A

When rocket is stationary

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35
Q

Why does a rocket acceleration increase

A

Mass decreases - fuel used up
Weight decreases - acceleration due to gravity decreases
Air less dense - air resistance decreases

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36
Q

How is Wpara calculated

A

Wpara = mgsin(angle)

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37
Q

How is Wperp calculated

A

Wperp = mgcos(angle)

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38
Q

How is the force calculated if the object is moving up a slope

A

F = Wpara - Ffric

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39
Q

When is the equation F = Wpara + Ffric used

A

When an object is moving up the slope

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40
Q

Define work done

A

Amount of energy transferred from one place to another

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41
Q

What is power

A

The amount of energy transferred per second

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42
Q

If no friction acts on a slope how does the energy at the top and bottom compare

A

Ep at top = Ek at bottom

43
Q

If friction acts on a slope how does the energy at the top and bottom compare

A

Ep at top > Ek at bottom

44
Q

Is friction acts on a slope how would the potential energy be found

A

Ep = Ek at bottom + friction (Ew)

45
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of an objects mass and velocity

46
Q

What is the conservation of linear momentum

A

The total momentum before an interaction us equal to the total momentum after an interaction, in the absence of net external forces

47
Q

How is total momentum found

A

m1u1 = m2u2

48
Q

How is momentum calculated in a nonstick collision

A

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

49
Q

How is momentum calculated in a sticking collision

A

m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v

50
Q

How is momentum calculated in an explosion

A

(m1 + m2) u = m1v1 + m2v2

51
Q

In what type of collision is energy conserved

A

Elastic collision

52
Q

What does the term ‘energy conserved’ mean

A

Ek total before = Ek total after

53
Q

In what type of reaction is energy not conserved

A

Inelastic collision

54
Q

How is kinetic energy calculated

A

Ek = 0.5 m1u1^2 + 0.5 m2u2^2

55
Q

What is impulse

A

The change in momentum

56
Q

What is impulse measured in

A

Ns

57
Q

What needs to be taken into account when calculating impulse

A

Direction of the velocities and force

58
Q

On an impulse graph, how does a hard surface compare to a soft surface

A

Hard surface - high force, short time

Soft surface - small force, long time

59
Q

How can impulse (Ft) be calculated from a graph

A

Ft = 1/2 bh

Area under graph

60
Q

What is needed to measure contact time

A

A fast timer

61
Q

What is a projectile

A

Objects moving under their own interia and so only affected by the force of gravity

62
Q

What is interia

A

An objects resistance to change

63
Q

What are the requirements for a projectile

A
  • constant horizontal velocity

- constant vertical acceleration

64
Q

For a full projection how is the horizontal velocity calculated

A

Uh = vcos(angle)

65
Q

For a full projection how is the vertical velocity calculated

A

Uv = vsin(angle)

66
Q

What is gravitational attraction between two objects directly proportional to

A

The mass of each object

67
Q

What is gravitational attraction inversely proportional to

A

The square of the objects separation

68
Q

What decreases as you move away from a planet’s surface

A

Gravitational field strength of a planet

69
Q

Why do occupants of a space shuttle appear weightless

A

Occupants are accelerating towards the earth at the same rate as the space shuttle making them appear weightless

70
Q

What are the two postulates for special relativity

A
  • laws of physics are the same for all observers

- speed of light the same for all observers

71
Q

In the time dilation equation what does ‘t’ represent

A

Time interval for moving observer

72
Q

In the time dilation equation what does ‘t^1’ represent

A

Time interval for a stationary observer

73
Q

Is time interval for a stationary observer longer or shorter than that experienced by a moving observer

A

Time interval longer for stationary observer

74
Q

What is length contraction

A

The muons are considered to be moving a different distance in the same amount of time

75
Q

For length contraction, what observer experiences the shortest distance

A

Stationary observer

76
Q

What does the Doppler effect show

A

Shows how the detected frequency from a source can change depending on the relative motion between the source and the observer

77
Q

What happens to the frequency of the waves as the source approaches

A

Frequency increases, more waves detected per second

78
Q

As the source moves away what happen to the frequency of the source

A

Frequency decreases, less waves detected per second

79
Q

Using the Doppler effect equation, what sign is used when the source is moving towards an observer

A

Negative (-)

80
Q

Using the Doppler effect equation, what sign is used when the source is moving away from an observer

A

Positive (+)

81
Q

What is Doppler redshift

A

Occurs when the light the light from an object that is moving away from us is ‘shifted’ towards the longer wavelength end

82
Q

What does a larger redshift tell us about a galaxy

A

Galaxy is moving away from us at a faster rate

83
Q

What happens to the wavelengths of light if an object is moving towards us

A

Blueshifted

84
Q

What did the galaxy form from

A

A large cloud of dust and gas called a nebula

85
Q

What attracted the small particles together

A

Electromagnetism

86
Q

What were the larger clumps attracted by

A

Force of gravity

87
Q

What evidence is there for the expanding universe theory

A
  • darkness of night sky
  • redshirt of most galaxies
  • abundance of light elements
  • cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)
88
Q

Are more distant galaxies moving away from us at a faster or slower rate than nearby galaxies

A

Faster

89
Q

What is dark matter

A

From of matter that doesn’t emit radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum

90
Q

What does dark matter help to explain

A

Galaxies are revolving at a faster rate than predictions suggest

91
Q

What is the calculated amount of dark matter not enough to stop

A

The expansion of the universe

92
Q

What is dark energy

A

The unknown force that acts against the force of gravity

93
Q

What does dark energy cause

A

Causes the expansion of the universe to accelerate

94
Q

Is the rate of expansion of universe increasing or decreasing

A

Increasing

95
Q

What are distant galaxies driven apart by

A

Dark energy

96
Q

What is the colour of a star related to

A

It’s temperature

97
Q

What colour are hotter stars

A

Blue

98
Q

What colour are cooler stars

A

Red

99
Q

What are the properties of hotter stars relating to the radiation spectrum

A
  • short wavelength
  • high frequency
  • high peak
  • large area of graph
100
Q

What are the properties of cooler stars relating to the radiation spectrum

A
  • long wavelength
  • low frequency
  • low peak
  • small area of graph
101
Q

What is the peak wavelength of a star is inversely proportional to

A

It’s surface temperature

102
Q

What is the surface temperature of a star directly proportional to

A

Peak frequency of a star

103
Q

As the star gets hotter what happens to the energy emitted per second

A

Higher energy emitted per second

Higher Physics (3 decks)

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