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Higher Physics > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does coherent mean in terms of waves?

A

Constant phase difference

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2
Q

What is produced when there is a bright fringe?

A

Maxima, in-phase, constructive interference

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3
Q

What is produced at dark fringes?

A

Minimum, out-of-phase, destructive interference

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4
Q

If wavelength is decreased what happens to the maxima separation?

A

Decreases

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5
Q

What colour of light diffracts the furthest?

A

Red, longer wavelengths

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6
Q

What is the test for wave behaviour?

A

Causing an interference pattern

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7
Q

Explain Young’s double split experiment?

A
  • splits one source of light into two
  • produces coherent light waves
  • interference pattern
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8
Q

What happens when white light passes through a diffraction grating?

A

Central order maximum is white, remaining maxima are spectra

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9
Q

Why does white light produce a white central order maxima?

A

All wavelength meet in-phase, constructive interference

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10
Q

What effect does increasing the slit separation have on the interference pattern?

A

Decreases fringe separation

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11
Q

What is refraction?

A

When light changes speed as it passes from one material to another

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12
Q

What is absolute refractive index?

A

The ratio of the speed of the incident ray in a vacuum to the speed of the refracted light in the material

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13
Q

Angle theta (01) is always the angle in what?

A

Air

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14
Q

Will a longer wavelength diffract more or less?

A

Less diffraction

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15
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

Angle of incidence that causes light to refract at 90 to the surface

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16
Q

When does total internal reflection occur?

A

If the angle of incidence is increased above the critical angle

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17
Q

What is irradiance?

A

The power per unit area

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18
Q

What is a point source?

A

Source of light that appears to have no dimensions to the observer

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19
Q

When does the irradiance of a point source decrease?

A

As the distance increases

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20
Q

When is a spectrum produced?

A

By photons of light being emitted, as electrons make downwards transitions between energy levels within an atom

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21
Q

Does an upward transition absorb or emit energy?

A

Absorbs

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22
Q

When will an electron make a transition?

A

If the energy of the absorbed photon equals the amount of energy needed to move between levels

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23
Q

Which level is the excited state?

A

E1

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24
Q

Will a smaller drop on the emission spectrum produce a shorter or longer wavelength?

A

Longer

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25
Q

What is all matter made of?

A

Fermions

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26
Q

Name the two types of fermions?

A

Quarks, leptons

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27
Q

What are hadrons made of?

A

Quarks

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28
Q

Name the two types of hadrons

A

Baryon and messon

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29
Q

Name the force carrying particle

A

Boson

30
Q

What is antimatter?

A

Identical to matter except they have opposite charge

31
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When matter and antimatter meet they annihilate each other, leaving behind energy

32
Q

What was discovered during beta decay?

A

Electron neutrino

33
Q

What acts on masses?

A

Gravity

34
Q

What does electromagnetism act on?

A

Charges

35
Q

What type of force acts during beta decay?

A

Weak nuclear force

36
Q

What force acts between quarks?

A

Strong nuclear force

37
Q

What is conserved during particle interactions?

A

Charge

38
Q

What is an electric field?

A

The region where a charge will experience a force

39
Q

Why do charges accelerate in an electric field?

A

Due to an unbalanced force

40
Q

What way do the arrows point on a positive charge?

A

Point away

41
Q

What way do the arrows point on a negative charge?

A

Points towards point

42
Q

What does a potential difference of 2.5kV mean?

A

2500J needed to move 1 coloumb of charge across electric field from one plate to another

43
Q

What are the 3 types of particle accelerators?

A

Linear accelerator, cyclotron, synchrotron

44
Q

What does a particle accelerator do?

A

Causes particles to collide with each other

45
Q

Why are particle accelerators important?

A

At high energies can recreate conditions at Big Bang and investigate the particles that existed

46
Q

What is a magnetic field?

A

A region that can exert a force on a charge

47
Q

What kind of charge creates an electric field?

A

Stationary charge

48
Q

What kind of field does a moving charge create?

A

Magnetic field

49
Q

When using the right hand rule what does the middle finger represent?

A

Negative charge or current

50
Q

What symbol is used to represent the field lines pointing into page?

A

X

51
Q

What is a (.) used to represent in terms of field lines?

A

Field lines point out of page

52
Q

What is a nuclide?

A

Nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons

53
Q

Define an isotope

A

Nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass number

54
Q

When a radionuclide decays what does it emit?

A

Radiation or particles to become a more stable daughter product

55
Q

What type of nuclear fission occurs naturally?

A

Spontaneous nuclear fission

56
Q

How does induced nuclear fission occur?

A

Large nucleus is bombarded with a neutron which splits the nucleus into smaller nuclei with the realise of energy and neutrons

57
Q

How does an induced nuclear fission reaction release energy?

A

The total mass before is greater than the total mass after. The loss in mass is converted into energy using E=mc^2

58
Q

During nuclear fission what is conserved?

A

Atomic and mass number

59
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

When two smaller nuclei join to make a larger nucleus

60
Q

What are quanta of energy?

A

Fixed or discrete amount of energy, directly proportional to frequency

61
Q

What are photons?

A

Quanta of energy

62
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

Photon energy is absorbed by the electron and becomes a free electron

63
Q

What type of emission is best for the photoelectric effect?

A

A UV photon

64
Q

What type of charges need to be present in the metal for the photoelectric effect to work?

A

Negative charges

65
Q

What does the metallic surface need to have for photoelectric emission?

A

Low enough work function/ threshold frequency

66
Q

What quarks make up a baryon?

A

3 quarks or 3 anti-quarks

67
Q

What quarks make up a messon?

A

1 quark and 1 anti-quark

68
Q

Give an example of a meson

A

Pion

69
Q

What happens to the photoelectric current as photon energy increases

A

Photoelectric current increases

70
Q

Define work function

A

Minimum amount of energy needed to bring an electron to the surface of the metal

71
Q

Define threshold frequency

A

Minimum frequency an incident photon needed to bring an electron the surface of the metal

Higher Physics (3 decks)

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