Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 600 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ pathways can be either anabolic or catabolic, depending on the energy conditions of the cell.

A

Amphibolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In aerobic organisms, the ultimate acceptor of electrons is ______.

A

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In aerobic metabolism, the product of oxidation of carbon containing fuels is ______.

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The electron carrier, NADH, is derived from the _________ vitamin

A

niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

FAD is an electron carrier that is derived from the vitamin ________.

A

riboflavin, B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acetyl-Coenzyme A is derived from what vitamin?

A

pantothenate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biotin is derived from what vitamin?

A

Biotin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tetrahydrofolate is derived from what vitamin?

A

folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is metabolism controlled?

A

amount of enzyme
catalytic enzyme activity
substrate accessibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is unique to ATP in comparison to Acetyl CoA?

A

ATP carries phosphate with high transfer potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is unique to Acetyl CoA in comparison to ATP?

A

Acetyl CoA carries acetyl with high transfer potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do acetyl coA and ATP have in common?

A

Both are activated carriers that are common in several pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two reasons that glucose is a common metabolic fuel used by living organisms?

A

It has a stable ring structure and is unlikely to glycosylate proteins
It has been found as a monosaccharide under prebiotic conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the purposes of phosphorylating glucose in cytosol?

A

Trap glucose in cell

Destabilize glucose and facilitate next series of metabolic steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by aldolase?

A

reversible cleavage of F-1,6 to DHAP and GAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of a thioester intermediate such as the one formed from GAP?

A

allows the two-step reaction to be coupled so the reaction, the energetically unfavorable phosphorylation, can proceed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis when the phosphate donor is a substrate with high-phosphoryl-transfer potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of enzyme catalyzes the intramolecular shift of a chemical group?

A

mutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the primary metabolic fates of pyruvate?

A

ethanol, lactate, and acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of

A

lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fructose from sugar or corn syrup and galactose from milk sugar are converted to what?

A

Glycolytic intermediates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During exercise, glycolysis is stimulated by a what?

A

feed-forward stimulation of pyruvate kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Biotin is a _______ for the pyruvate carboxylase reaction.

A

cofactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The phosphoric donor in the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate is what?

A

GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The phosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate takes place in which cellular location?

A

endoplasmic reticulum lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

High levels of ATP and citrate do what?

A

indicate a high-energy-well-fed state
promote gluconeogenesis
inhibits glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PFK is a highly regulated enzyme. What is the inhibitor of PFK?

A

citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The major site of gluconeogenesis is in which tissue?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

High blood sugar after a meal ________ the level of insulin released by the pancreas.

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of what?

A

Type 2 diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lactate produced in muscle tissue is converted to _______ by _________.

A

glucose by the cori cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many high energy phosphate bonds are expended to make one glucose in gluconeogenesis?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The citric acid cycle is also known as what?

A

Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Acetyl CoA is what?

A

The activated form of acyl groups that fuels the citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the following reaction?

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ –> Acetyl CoA + NADH + H+ CO2

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the steps involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

A

decarboxylation, oxidation, transfer to CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is ________ when ATP-ADP ratios are high.

A

inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Approximately how many ATP or GTP equivalentes are produced during one turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In which step of the citric acid cycle is FADH2 formed?

A

conversion of succinate to fumarate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In which reaction is ATP directly formed in the citric acid cycle?

A

conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Formation of citrate from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate is a __________ reaction.

A

condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What molecule initiates the citric acid cycle by reacting with oxaloacetate?

A

acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which of the following does not participate in, nor is a component of, the electron-transport chain? Coenzyme A, nonheme iron-sulfur protein, Coenzyme Q, cytochrome C1

A

Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Electron flow down the ETC leads to what?

A

Transport of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane from inside the matrix to the intermembrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Coenzyme Q is also called

A

ubiquinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which ETC complex does not pump protons?:

A

Complex II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a cytochrome?

A

protein that transfers e- and contains a heme prosthetic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The Q cycle does what?

A

transfers e- from a two-electron carrier to a one-electron carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What pathologic conditions result from free-radical injury?

A

Emphysema, Parkinson’s, diabetes, atherogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes reductions of O2?

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How is light used in photosynthesis?

A

light is used to generate high-energy e- with great reducing potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Light absorbed by a chlorophyll causes what?

A

an electron to move from ground to excited state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What type of gradient is critical to ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation?

A

proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many ATP molecules are made by oxidative phosphorylation out of a maximum yield of how many ATP molecules?

A

26 out of 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The F1 component of ATP synthase is composed of what?

A

3 alpha subunits, 3 beta subunits, 1 delta subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The 3 beta subunits of the F1 component can exist in what forms?

A

Open, loose, and tight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Proton motive force consists of a:

A

chemical and proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The ATPase subunit embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane is the what?

A

F0 subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The rate of oxidative phosphorylation is determined by the need for what?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the driving force for the ATP-ADP translocase?

A

membrane potential from electron transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the net ATP obtained from 1 cytoplasmic NADH when it is oxidized by the ETC, using the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

A

1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Proton gradients power what?

A

Active transport, NADPH synthesis, and electron potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The major sites of glycogen storage are where?

A

liver and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

key regulatory enzyme in glycogen degredation

65
Q

How is phosphorylase b converted into phosphorylase a?

A

through the addition of a phosphate to a serine residue

66
Q

What are the two critical hormones that signal for glycogen breakdown?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

67
Q

What is required to remove branches in glycogen?

A

debranching and transferase enzymes

68
Q

Which enzyme is required to synthesize alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds in glycogen?

A

Glycogen synthase

69
Q

The _________ creates a 1,4-glycosidic bond.

A

glycogen synthase

70
Q

The enzyme that begins the kinase cascade activating glycogen degradation is what?

A

PKA

71
Q

After exercise, muscle cell glycogen metabolism is regulated by what?

A

protein phosphatase 1

72
Q

Which of the following occur after a carbohydrate-rich meal?

A

Blood-glucose levels increase, leading to glycogen storage in the liver

73
Q

___________ is the principle carbohydrate in living systems

A

Glucose

74
Q

The product of aerobic glycolysis is _________.

A

pyruvate

75
Q

The substance ________ must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A

NAD+

76
Q

An allosteric activator of glycolysis is ________

A

AMP

77
Q

Glycolysis produces a net of ____ moles of ATP per 1 mole of glucose

A

2

78
Q

The key regulatory enzyme for glycolysis is _______.

A

PFK

79
Q

_________ are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor.

A

Kinases

80
Q

In alcoholic fermentation, the decarboxylation of pyruvate requires a coenzyme that contains the vitamin _______

A

B1

81
Q

A potent allosteric activator of liver phosphofructokinase is ________, which is produced from fructose-6-phosphate by the PFK2

A

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

82
Q

_________ mediate the thermodynamically downhill movement of glucose across plasma membranes

A

Glucose transporters

83
Q

Insulin release from pancreatic β cells is regulated by __________.

A

ATP levels in the cell

84
Q

How is glycolysis maintained under anaerobic conditions?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to either lactate or ethanol while NADH is oxidized to regenerate NAD+ in the fermentation process.

85
Q

How does pyruvate kinase regulation occur?

A

When ATP is found in high concentrations, it allosterically inhibits pyruvate kinase. When cell energy is low and intermediates are high, feed-forward activation of pyruvate-kinase by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate occurs to activate glycolysis.

86
Q

The process by which noncarbohydrate precursor molecules are converted into glucose is ____________.

A

gluconeogenesis

87
Q

The stores of glucose are enough to support metabolism of a person for ________.

A

one day

88
Q

The major tissue in which gluconeogenesis takes place is the _______.

A

liver

89
Q

The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose takes place in this part of the cell: ________.

A

lumen of endoplasmic reticulum

90
Q

The reaction that uses GTP and not ATP as its high-phosphoryl-transfer potential donor is ________.

A

PEP carboxylase

91
Q

The compound _____ activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis via conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

A

fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

92
Q

_____ controls the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.

A

PFK2

93
Q

______: An intermediate that is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to produce phosphoenolpyruvate.

A

Oxaloacetate

94
Q

_______: This essential nutrient is required for the carboxylation of pyruvate in humans.

A

Biotin

95
Q

The _______ cycle is responsible for converting muscle lactate into glucose in the liver.

A

Cori

96
Q

Glycerol from fats is modified first by glycerol kinase and then a second enzyme to enter gluconeogenesis at the intermediate ____________.

A

DHAP

97
Q

What are the key glycolytic enzymes and how does gluconeogenesis overcome these enzymes?

A

pyruvate kinase: pyruvate carboxylase and PEP kinase
PRK: fructose 1,6-bisphophotase
hexokinase: glucose 6-phosphate

98
Q

How does the liver restore glucose levels for active muscles?

A

Lactate conversion to glucose by the Cori Cycle

99
Q

What is glycolysis activated by?

A

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphotase, AMP, and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase

100
Q

What is glycolysis inhibited by?

A

ATP, alanine, citrate, and protons

101
Q

What is gluconeogenesis activated by?

A

citrate and acetyl coA

102
Q

What is gluconeogenesis inhibited by?

A

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphotase, AMP, and ADP

103
Q

The activated carrier of acyl groups is _____________.

A

coenzyme A

104
Q

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to ______________.

A

acetyl CoA

105
Q

What reaction serves to link glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

Oxidative Decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coA; Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + NADH + H++ CO2

106
Q

_______ is a large, multi-subunit enzyme complex that links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions.

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

107
Q

PDH is inactivated when the enzyme _____.

A

is phosphorylated

108
Q

_______ is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1.

A

Beriberi

109
Q

The function of the citric acid cycle is to _______ high-energy electrons

A

harvest

110
Q

____________: The product found by the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

A

Citrate

111
Q

The intermediate between citrate and isocitrate is____.

A

cis-aconitate

112
Q

_________: This citric acid cycle intermediate is at both the beginning and the end of the citric acid cycle.

A

Oxaloacetate

113
Q

The product of the complete oxidation of carbon in the citric acid cycle is _________.

A

carbon dioxide

114
Q

_______ are the key control points of the citric acid cycle.

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

115
Q

_________: The name applied to metabolic reactions that replenish the citric acid cycle intermediates that are depleted because they were used for biosynthesis.

A

Anapleurotic

116
Q

_______ are where oxidative phosphorylation occurs in eukaryotes.

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

____________ is an ATP-generating process in which an inorganic substance such as oxygen serves as the ultimate electron acceptor

A

Respiration

118
Q

The electron carrier ________ is a derivative of quinone and has an isoprenoid tail.

A

coenzyme Q

119
Q

The citric acid cycle enzyme _______ is also part of an electron-transport complex.

A

succinate dehaydrogenase

120
Q

Complex _______also know as NADH-Q oxidoreductase accepts electrons from NADH.

A

1

121
Q

_________ is the complex that is not a proton pump

A

Complex II

122
Q

A strong oxidizing agent has a strong tendency to __________ (accept, donate) electron(s).

A

accept

123
Q

_______ are the result of uncontrolled electron transfer to oxygen

A

Oxygen radicals

124
Q

In the cytochrome c oxidase reaction ______ protons are removed from the matrix.

A

8

125
Q

In the overall stoichiometry of the light reactions, eight photons of light generate ____ molecules of ATP.

A

3

126
Q

The primary photoreceptor in the chloroplasts of green plants is ____.

A

chlorophyll

127
Q

Photosystem I generates biosynthetic reducing power in the form of ________

A

NADPH

128
Q

Photosystem II replenishes the ________ of photosystem I while generating a __________ that is used to synthesize _____.

A

electrons
proton gradient
ATP

129
Q

In the light reactions of photosynthesis, the cooperation between photosystem I and photosystem II creates a flow of electrons from H2O to __________.

A

NADP+

130
Q

The rotation of the _________, driven by proton gradient, powers ATP synthesis

A

c ring

131
Q

ADP transport into the mitochondria is coupled to the export of ____

A

ATP

132
Q

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is part of the __________ shuttle.

A

glycerol 3-phosphate

133
Q

The number of ATP molecules produced by the transfer of electrons from NADH.

A

2.5

134
Q

The membrane protein _____ couples the entry of ADP into the mitochondrial matrix with the exit of ATP.

A

ADP–ATP translocase

135
Q

______ is a molecular assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane that carries out the synthesis of ATP.

A

ATP synthase

136
Q

Which form of the ATPase subunits is responsible for phosphorylation of ADP

A

tight

137
Q

The proton gradient generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is called the __________.

A

proton-motive force

138
Q

The F0 portion of ATP synthase contains the _____.

A

proton channel

139
Q

Which form of the ATP synthase subunits is responsible for trapping nucleotides in the subunit β?

A

loose

140
Q

The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway produces ______, which is required for lipid biosynthesis.

A

NADPH

141
Q

The net result in sugars of the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is the conversion of three ____into two _____and one _____.

A

pentoses
hexoses
triose

142
Q

_______ is the enzyme at the committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

143
Q

________ is the key source of biosynthetic reducing equivalents.

A

The pentose phosphate pathway

144
Q

The two key components required for growth are _____ and biochemical reducing powers.

A

ribose sugars

145
Q

The second phase of the pentose phosphate pathway:
A) includes a 2-carbon molecule.
B) utilizes transketolases and a transaldolase
C) is the nonoxidative interconversion of a variety of sugars.
D) Requires ATP.
E) B and C.

A

E

146
Q

In mode two of the pentose phosphate pathway:
A) the needs for NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate are balanced,
B) much more NADPH than ribose 5-phosphate is required.
C) more ribose 5-phosphate than NADPH is required.
D) NADPH and CO2 are required.
E) excess NAD+is required. .

A

A

147
Q

In mode one of the pentose phosphate pathway:
A) the needs for NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate are balanced,
B) much more NADPH than ribose 5-phosphate is required.
C) more ribose 5-phosphate than NADPH is required.
D) NADPH and CO2 are required.
E) excess NAD+is required. .

A

C

148
Q

Glutathione:
A) Helps prevent damage by reactive oxygen species
B) Requires NADH to maintain adequate levels
C) Is converted to its reduced form by NADPH
D) All of the above.
E) A and C.

A

E

149
Q 
The most important regulatory factor of the pentose phosphate pathway is: 
A)	ATP levels
B)	ADP levels
C)	NADPH levels
D)	NAD+ levels.
E)	None of the above.
A

E

150
Q

____: Most of the glucose residues in glycogen are linked by this type of bond

A

α-1,4-glycoside

151
Q

The ___________ enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

phosphorylase kinase

152
Q

The hormone ___________ signifies the starved or low glucose state.

A

glucagon

153
Q

The _______ enzyme serves as the glucose “sensor” enzyme in liver cells

A

phosphorylase

154
Q

_______ markedly increases glycogen breakdown in muscle by initiating a cAMP signal-transduction cascade.

A

Epinephrine

155
Q

The hydrolysis catalyzed by α-1,6-glucosidase releases a(n)_______ molecule.

A

free glucose

156
Q

_______is the monomer that is used to extend the chain in glycogen synthesis.

A

UDP-glucose

157
Q

The complete oxidation of a glucose residue from glycogen produces________ ATP

A

31?

158
Q

________ is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis

A

Glycogen synthase

159
Q

_______ shifts glycogen metabolism from the degradation mode to the synthesis mode.

A

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)

BIOL 600 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions