Unit 3-4 Flashcards
In what ways did global trade networks change and stay the same during 1450-1750 CE?
How They Stayed the Same: Existing trade networks continued the exchange of goods in the Eastern Hemisphere (Africa & Eurasia). These networks include Eurasian Silk Roads, Mediterranean Sea Routes, Indian Ocean Trade Network, and Trans-Saharan Trade Routes. They increased the prosperity of the areas they pass through.
Change: Transoceanic Trade Networks and the Columbian Exchange will lead to a decline in the use of land-based routes.
How were regional trade networks changed?
Existing regional trade networks were linked together into larger trade routes as a result of exploration, rising interest in foreign goods, and better maritime tech. Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea became part of trans-regional or global trade routes. Prosperity and economic changes greatly affected merchants and governments connected with the trade.
Who were the Indian Ocean Asian Merchants?
Typically Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese
What new tech was invented in 1450-1750 CE? (5 examples)
Astrolabe- Middle East, used by Muslims/Europeans to navigate oceans using stars and planets for high accuracy.
Revised maps- land and ocean maps were revised
Caravels- small, light, and fast ships used by the Portuguese between the 15th and 17th centuries.
Carrack- Large European merchant ships used during the 1500s and 1800s
Fluyt- Dutch cargo ship
Wind and Current Maps- Used for ocean navigation
Mercator projection- revised maps that reflect the curvature of Earth
What ocean-explorations/activity occurred?
China- Zheng He, Indian Ocean
Portuguese- Navigation School, Prince Henry the Navigator, Coast of Africa, Brazil
Spain- Christopher Columbus; Exploration of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Northwestern Europe- North Atlantic, Pacific
Oceania/Polynesia- Exchange networks and communication not dramatically affected because of limited contact with Europeans.
What made the global circulation of goods easier? (7 terms)
Royal Charters Joint-stock Companies Mercantilism Atlantic System Europeans transport Asian goods from one Asian market to another. Spanish silver used to purchase Asian goods. Regional markets
What European exploration occurred?
Primarily supported by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands, European exploration led to colonization and trade posts. Europeans expanded trade, boosted the global economy, and promoted cross-cultural exchange. It also had the negative effect on conquered populations who often lost their culture, religion, and for Amerinidians- their lives.
How did global exchange affect the world?
the widespread exchange of crops and animals during this time contributed to changes in agriculture, diets, and population demographics around the world.
EX: the introduction of Afro-Eurasian animals such as horses and pigs to the Americas. The introduction of American crops, like potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa, to the European diet.
What were commodities? Provide examples.
A marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs, Trade goods such as spices were commodities.
EX: pepper, ginger, nutmeg, cloves, were widely distributed bcz of trans-regional trade. High costs of commodities encouraged Europeans to seek faster ocean-routes to Asia.
How was cartography important to advancements during this time period?
As Europeans explored the globe, maps became essential to swift and safe travel to foreign ports. Cartography advances led to improved navigation, more long-distance travel, and trade durimg the age of European Exploration.
What is navigation?
The science of accurately determining one’s position then planning and following a destination route.
How was Oceania affected during this time period?
Not greatly affected by cross-cultural exchange that transformed other regions during this time period bcz it had limited contact with Europeans.
How was Polynesia affected during this time period?
(this region includes the land of Hawaii, Easter Island, and Samoa), due to limited contact w/Europeans, it wasn’t greatly affected by cross-cultural exchange.
What were the major land-based Gunpowder Empires?
Manchus- Qing Dynasty China
Mughals- India
Ottomans- Anatolia, Middle East, North Africa
Russia- Northern Europe and Asia
What were the major ocean-based Gunpowder Empires?
Portugal Spain Netherlands- Dutch French British
Who was Christopher Columbus?
Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer; got support from Queen Isabella of Spain to sail west through the Atlantic to find an easier route to Asia; accidentally landed in the Caribbean instead of India, slaimed it for Spain & sought gold/to Christianize native populations.
+Opened the New World to European exploration!+
What is mercantilism?
An economic and political system practiced by Europeans (16th-18th centuries)
Government regulation of economy for purpose of enhancing state power.
How? By making large reserves of gold/silver, high tariffs, building overseas colonies, forbidding colonies to trade w/other nations, monopolizing markets, limiting colonies to production of raw materials.
What were joint-stock companies?
An early corporation that relied on the sale of stock to investors in which the investors shared profits and weren’t as hurt financially if the venture failed. Often created for maritime trade/the beginning of a new colony that engaged plantation agriculture
EX: The Virginia Company, East-India Trading Company
