Unit 3 & 4 Flashcards
Cell Growth
volume increases faster than surface area…. if cell gets larger, it either stops growing or divides
Nucleus
- nuclear envelope: souble membrane pores what leaves and enter nucleus.
- chromatin: loosely coiled chromasomes (DNA, proteins)
- nucleolus: assembles subunits of rimosomens
Endoplasmic Reticulum
series of interconnected membrane bounded tubule
Rough ER
ribosomens attached to outer surface of tubial -site for proteins synthesis
can form a transport vesicle
glycoprotein formed inside rough ER
ER Lumen
cavity inside rough ER
Glycoprotein
used to construct cell membrane
indicates where transport vesicle goes
Smooth ER
no ribosomens attached
site for lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus
parking and shipping center
produces and transports lysosomes
Lysosomes
1) animal cell
2) produced by Golgi Apparatus
3) inside membrane contains hydrolytic(digestive) enzymes
4) can digest larger molecules to small
5) can break down damaged organelles
6) functions best at pH 5
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration conversion of food(energy) molecules to ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
contains small amount of DNA
can make protein
inherited through maternal side
Chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
Granum
site of light reaction in photosynthesis
Stroma
dense fluid and site of calvin cycle of photosynthesis
photosynthesis
conversion of light energy into chemical energy
peroxisome
produces H2O2
contains enzymes which remove hydrogen from some organic molecule (detoxify alc in liver)
Cell Cytoskeleton
1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments
Microtubules
25 nm tubulin
-used to contract cilia and flagella, spindle fibers, centrioles and basal bodies
9 sets of 2 tubules and 2 more in center
Microfilaments
7nm actin
responsible for changes in cell shape, participate in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming(plants), movement in amoeba, cell division(animal)
Intermediate filaments
8-12nm
proteins keratin family
maintenance cell shape
Basal body
anchors all of flagella inside the cell
9 sets of 3 tubules
Centrioles
found in animal cells
participate in cell division
9 sets of 3 tubules
Plant Cell Wall
non-living, outside plasma membrane composed of cellulose and other sugar molecules support and maintenance of cell shape
primary cell wall
thin and outermost
secondary cell wall
thick and adjacent to plasma membrane
middle lamella
glue to keep cells together
pectin
polysaccharide glue
cell wall pits
transports water or solutes from one cell to the next
plasmodesmata
membranes extending through cell wall pits
Cell junctions
1) tight junction
2) desmosomes
3) gap junctions
tight junctions
prevent leakage between adjacent animal cells
desmosomes
(anchoring junctions) anchors one cell to the next
gap junctions
protein channels between cells rapid chemical communications
What’s is fluid mosaic?
Membranes are fluid bc of lateral movement of phospholipids
In animal cells membranes cholesterol keeps fluid at lower temps
Membrane contains a variety of protein that perform different functions
Fluid mosaic functions?
Transport Enzymes Signal transduction Cell to cell recognition Intercellular joining Attatchement to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Passive transport
No ATP required
Water or solutes move across membrane with concentration gradient
Types of passive transport?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across membrane by diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across membrane
Hypotonic
Solution that has higher water concentration
Hypertonic
Solution has less water concentration; more solute
Hypotonic Solution animal
Cell takes too much water and bursts
Isotonic animal
Everything is balanced
Hypertonic animal
Dehydrates, loses water and shrivels aka crenation
Turgid cell(plant)
More water abosorbed (normal)
Flaccid cell
Same amount of water in and out
Plasmolyzed cell
Hypertonic environment water leaves cell and shrivels up
Facilitated diffusion
Employs transport proteins diffusion with gradient using transport proteins
Active transport
Requires ATP and transport proteins to move against gradient
Sodium potassium pump
3 sodiums out & 2 potassium in
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor
Phagocytosis
Cell eating (formation of food vacuole)
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Receptor
Mediate endocytosis (selects particular solvent)
Exocytosis
Release of vesicle content to outside of cell
Prokaryotic cell reproduces by…?
Binary fission
Binary fission
Duplication of chromosomes
The cell wall & membrane elongates
Micro filaments contract and pull membrane inward
Eukaryotic cell reproduces by?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Asexual repo
Growth and development
Tissue renewal
Mitosis
Duplication of cell nucleus
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm so that one cell becomes 2
Interphase
Cell contains clearly defined nucleus
Cell performs all normal functions
Duplicates chromosomes
G1
Cell grows and duplicate organelles
G0
Certain cells enter this stage and stop diving
S
Chromosomes duplicate to form sister chromatids
G2
Cell makes final prep for mitosis (mpf)
Mitosis stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Chromosomal tightly coiled Nuclear envelope braks down Centrioles move to opposite sides Spindle micro tubules appear Kinetochore protein forms to pull sister chromatids apart
Metaphase
Sister chromatids line up along metaphase plate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
Telophase
Reverse of prophase. Nucleoulus reforms
Spindle micro tubules breakdown
Cytokenisis usually occur
Cytokinesis in animal
Formation of cleavage furrow by contraction of micro filaments
Cytoskenesis in plant
Cell plate forms; it becomes new plasma membrane and wall
Factors controlling cell cycle
Density dependent inhibition
Growth factors(PDGF and GH)
MPF
Metabolism
Total of all chem reactions occurring in organism
Catabolic pathway
Series of digestive/energy releasing reaction
Exergonic reaction
Anabolic pathways
Series of energy requiring reactions
Endergonic reaction
Energy
Capacity or ability to perform work
Energy forms
Heat Light Mechanical Electrical Chemical
Entropy
Measure of disorder in a system
Free energy
Portion of system energy that can perform work
3 kinds if work by ATP
Mechanical
Transport
Chemical
Enzymes
Specific in action Effective in small amounts Names end in ase Contains 1 or more active system Lowers activation energy Temperature and ph specific
Active sites
Portion of enzyme surface which is conplementary to its substrate
Inhibitors
Natural way to stop reaction rate
Competitor
Bind to enzymes active site
Non competitive
Attaches to allosteric site, away from active site
Feedback inhibition
Active site if enzyme. No longer binds theonine, pathway is switched off
Electron transport chain
Series of molecules(cytochromes) which accept and transfer electrons
Oxygen serves as the final acceptor….
Of electrons and protons to make water
In the absence of oxygen….
Pyruvate serves as the final acceptor to make water
Cellular respiration
Requires oxygen and mitochondria in eukaryotic. Cells
DeltaG= -686 kcal
Fermentation
Occurs in cytosol
No oxygen
Partial breakdown of organic molecules
Yields less energy and ATP
Alcohols fermentation
Glucose> 2 ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP
Lactic acid fermentation
Glucose > 2 lactate 2 ATP
Oxidation
Loss of electron
Reduction
Gain of electron
Redox rxn
Oxidation and reduction reactions
Reducing agente
Oxidizes
Oxidizing agent
Reduces
Glycolysis
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
Bridge reaction
2 acetyl CoA molecules2
NADH + 2 H+
No ayp
Kreb cycle
(2 NADH + 2H+)*3
2 FADH2
2 ATP
Oxidation phosphorylation
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
32-33 ATP oxygen accepts hydrogen makes water
Cytochromes
Iron containing molecules which accept and transfer electrons on the inner membrane of the mitochoncrion
Cofactors
No proteins helpers which assist the catalytic activity of enzymes
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors
NAD+
FAD
CoA
Electron transport chain
Trains of electrons across cytochromes release energy to move hydrogen ions the inner membrane of mitochondria from the matrix into intermembrane
Chemiosmosis
Series of chemical and transport process with lead to synthesis of ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP synthesis occurs when an enzyme transfers phosphate to a substrate to ADP
Cyclic light reaction
Electrons released from and return to chlorophyll using photo system one
Forms ATP
Non cyclic light relations
Electrons from chrolophyll become attached to NADP using photo system 11 and photo system 1 Forms ATP Nadph H2o O2
Calvin cycle
RuBP accepts co2
Rubisco combine RuBP and co2
Requires ATP and nadph
Light trapping pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotene
Xanthophyll
Visible light
Portion of electron magnetic spectrum 380-750
Photosystem
Cluster of light absorbing molecules including chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids. Chlorophyll a is ultimate acceptor
Photons
Packets of lights that contain an amount of energy inversely proportional to wavelengths
Autotrophs
Green plants use light to price sugars and organic molecules
Heterotrophs- consumers
Animals dependent on plants or other animals as source of food
