Unit 3-4 Flashcards
Definition
Term
an Italian family of bankers, merchants, and rulers of Florence and Tuscany
Medici
Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art
Michelangelo
Italian Renaissance architect, goldsmith, and sculptor, who is most famous for his work on the cathedral of Florence
Brunelleschi
Italian Renaissance artist, architect, engineer, and scientist. He is renowned for his ability to observe and capture nature, scientific phenomena, and human emotions
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian Renaissance artist best known for his sculptures such as the striking bronze figure of David
Donatello
Inventor of the printing press with movable type which he used to print the Gutenberg bible
Johannes Gutenberg
using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language
vernacular
the full or partial remission of temporal punishment for sins after the sinner confesses and receives absolution
indulgences
German priest, monk, and theologian who became the central figure of the religious and cultural movement known as the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
a very powerful Pope during a time when the Catholic Church was at its height in power
Pope Leo X
a branch of Christianity founded by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation
Lutherans
theologian and ecclesiastical statesman - leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
a branch of Christianity founded by John Calvin in France during the second wave of the Protestant Reformation
Calvinism
founder of the Church of England and leader of the English Reformation
King Henry VIII
a branch of Christianity founded by King Henry VIII of England
Church of England
efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church
Catholic Reformation
a different name for the Catholic Reformation
Counter-Reformation
A catholic, apostolic religious community founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuits
the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
Danish astronomer whose work in developing astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions of stars
Tycho Brahe
English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I known for his philosophy of science
Francis Bacon
a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Spain
Spanish Inquistion
An edict issued by Isabella and Ferdinand ordering the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from their kingdom
Decree of Alhambra
A declaration made by Henry VIII breaking all ties with the Catholic Church and placing the King in charge of the Church in England
Act of Supremacy
took place from 1558 to 1603 and is considered by many historians to be the golden age in English History. During this era England experienced peace and prosperity while the arts flourished
Elizabethan Age
a Russian principality (13th to 16th centuries), of which Moscow was the capital
Muscovy Company
an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India
British East India Company
an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689
Petition of Right
a group of people who met in England during the reign of King Charles I from 1640 to 1653
Long Parliment
English revolutionary who helped overthrow Charles I and brought England back to a major European power
Oliver Cromwell
the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I
English Commenwealth
a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state
Lord Protector
a time when the Stuart family reigned as kings of England
Stuart Restoration
a fundamental right in the Constitution that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment
Habeas Corpus Act
the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary
Glorius Revolution
an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech
English Bill of Rights
French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin
Huguenots
granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion
Edict of Nantes
conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs
War of Spanish Succession
An agreement to accept the existence of both Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany
Peace of Augsburg
Europe’s last and most destructive religious war. It began as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire, but spread into an international political conflict when catholic France sides with Protestants
Thirty Years War
European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War.
Peace of Westphalia
a privileged class of rich landowners in northeastern Russia
boyars
member of a people dwelling in the northern hinterlands of the Black and Caspian seas. They had a tradition of independence and finally received privileges from the Russian government in return for military services
Cossacks
an influential ruler in the late sixteenth century. His father, Ivan the Great, had driven the Mongols from Muscovy
Ivan the Terrible
Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir
Time of Troubles
tsar of Russia from 1613 to 1645 and founder of the Romanov dynasty
Michael Romanov
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul
Ottoman Empire
in the Ottoman Empire, grant of lands or revenues by the sultan to an individual in compensation for his services
timars
a system implemented by the Ottoman Empire where young Christian boys from the conquered territories were taken as slaves, converted to Islam, and trained to become soldiers or administrators in the empire
devshirme
a Muslim dynasty who ruled over a majority Hindu population. By 1750, they had dominated much of South Asia for several centuries
Mughal Empire
local landlords or tax collectors in the Mughal Empire of India
zamindars
a mausoleum complex in Agra, India. It was built in the 17th century by the Mughal emporer Shah Jahan to preserve the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth in 1631
Taj Mahal
a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th centuries
Songhai
a centralized state that existed during the 14th century until its dissolution in 1914. Located in west-central Africa (modern-day northern Angola), it had an advanced political structure and engaged extensively with Portuguese traders
Kongo and Angola
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain
Asanti
a Muslim explorer, voyager, and navigator who greatly expanded the economic reach of China in India, Africa, and various countries in the Middle East
Zheng He
pastoral nomads with a strong military tradition like the Mongols, started the Qing Dynasty
Manchus
established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria, in what is now northeastern China
Qing Dynasty
fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil
Kangxi
a Japanese military leader who reunified Japan at the beginning of the 17th century after a long period of civil war, known as the Warring States or Sengoku period
Tokugawa Ieyasa
the years from 1603 until 1868 when the Tokugawa family ruled Japan
Edo Period
Japanese foreign policy during the Edo period because contact with Western nations was limited to the Dutch
National Seclusion Policy
Portuguese explorer and navigator, and the first person to sail directly from Europe to India
Vasco da Gama
a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain
Christopher Columbus
agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe
Treaty of Tordesillas
16th-century Italian merchant and explorer remembered not only for his voyages that altered the course of history but for bestowing the New World with the name
Amerigo Verspucci
Spanish explorer. In 1508–09 he explored and settled Puerto Rico
Ponce de Leon
English explorer and privateer best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580
Sir Francis Drake
Italian explorer who is famed for discovering Newfoundland and was instrumental in the development of the transatlantic trade between England and the Americas
John Cabot
English navigator and explorer who set out to find either a northeast passage “by the North Pole to Japan and China” or a similar northwest passage
Henry Hudson
historical sea passage of the North American continent
Northwest Passage
steering device mounted on the outside or rear of the hull
The Sternpost Rudder
a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction
Lateen Sails
any of a type of early scientific instrument used for reckoning time and for observational purposes
Astrolabe
an instrument for determining direction on the surface of Earth by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with Earth’s magnetic field
Magnetic Compass
a small 15th and 16th century ship that has broad bows, high narrow poop, and usually three masts with lateen or both square and lateen sails
Three-Masted Caravels
a Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico from 1519
Hernando Cortes
the group of people who came directly from the Iberian Peninsula in Spain to the colonies in the Americas
peninsulares
People of Spanish decent who were born in the New World
creoles
people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background
mestizos
people of mixed African and European ancestry
mulattoes
the governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of a king or sovereign
viceroys
a system of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists
encomienda
the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World
Middle Passage
a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge
Age of Exploration
a business owned by its shareholders, who can buy and sell shares freely
joint-stock company
a major corporation in business from 1602 until 1799. During those years, the Dutch government granted it a monopoly on Dutch trade between Europe and Asia
Dutch East India Company
a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices
mercantilism
