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AP World History: Modern > Unit 3-4 > Flashcards

Unit 3-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition

A

Term

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2
Q

an Italian family of bankers, merchants, and rulers of Florence and Tuscany

A

Medici

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3
Q

Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art

A

Michelangelo

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4
Q

Italian Renaissance architect, goldsmith, and sculptor, who is most famous for his work on the cathedral of Florence

A

Brunelleschi

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5
Q

Italian Renaissance artist, architect, engineer, and scientist. He is renowned for his ability to observe and capture nature, scientific phenomena, and human emotions

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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6
Q

Italian Renaissance artist best known for his sculptures such as the striking bronze figure of David

A

Donatello

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7
Q

Inventor of the printing press with movable type which he used to print the Gutenberg bible

A

Johannes Gutenberg

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8
Q

using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language

A

vernacular

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9
Q

the full or partial remission of temporal punishment for sins after the sinner confesses and receives absolution

A

indulgences

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10
Q

German priest, monk, and theologian who became the central figure of the religious and cultural movement known as the Protestant Reformation

A

Martin Luther

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11
Q

a very powerful Pope during a time when the Catholic Church was at its height in power

A

Pope Leo X

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12
Q

a branch of Christianity founded by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation

A

Lutherans

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13
Q

theologian and ecclesiastical statesman - leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation

A

John Calvin

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14
Q

a branch of Christianity founded by John Calvin in France during the second wave of the Protestant Reformation

A

Calvinism

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15
Q

founder of the Church of England and leader of the English Reformation

A

King Henry VIII

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16
Q

a branch of Christianity founded by King Henry VIII of England

A

Church of England

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17
Q

efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church

A

Catholic Reformation

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18
Q

a different name for the Catholic Reformation

A

Counter-Reformation

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19
Q

A catholic, apostolic religious community founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola

A

Jesuits

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20
Q

the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation

A

Council of Trent

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21
Q

Danish astronomer whose work in developing astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions of stars

A

Tycho Brahe

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22
Q

English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I known for his philosophy of science

A

Francis Bacon

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23
Q

a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Spain

A

Spanish Inquistion

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24
Q

An edict issued by Isabella and Ferdinand ordering the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from their kingdom

A

Decree of Alhambra

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25
Q

A declaration made by Henry VIII breaking all ties with the Catholic Church and placing the King in charge of the Church in England

A

Act of Supremacy

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26
Q

took place from 1558 to 1603 and is considered by many historians to be the golden age in English History. During this era England experienced peace and prosperity while the arts flourished

A

Elizabethan Age

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27
Q

a Russian principality (13th to 16th centuries), of which Moscow was the capital

A

Muscovy Company

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28
Q

an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India

A

British East India Company

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29
Q

an English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689

A

Petition of Right

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30
Q

a group of people who met in England during the reign of King Charles I from 1640 to 1653

A

Long Parliment

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31
Q

English revolutionary who helped overthrow Charles I and brought England back to a major European power

A

Oliver Cromwell

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32
Q

the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I

A

English Commenwealth

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33
Q

a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state

A

Lord Protector

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34
Q

a time when the Stuart family reigned as kings of England

A

Stuart Restoration

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35
Q

a fundamental right in the Constitution that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment

A

Habeas Corpus Act

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36
Q

the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary

A

Glorius Revolution

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37
Q

an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech

A

English Bill of Rights

38
Q

French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin

A

Huguenots

39
Q

granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion

A

Edict of Nantes

40
Q

conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs

A

War of Spanish Succession

41
Q

An agreement to accept the existence of both Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany

A

Peace of Augsburg

42
Q

Europe’s last and most destructive religious war. It began as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire, but spread into an international political conflict when catholic France sides with Protestants

A

Thirty Years War

43
Q

European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War.

A

Peace of Westphalia

44
Q

a privileged class of rich landowners in northeastern Russia

A

boyars

45
Q

member of a people dwelling in the northern hinterlands of the Black and Caspian seas. They had a tradition of independence and finally received privileges from the Russian government in return for military services

A

Cossacks

46
Q

an influential ruler in the late sixteenth century. His father, Ivan the Great, had driven the Mongols from Muscovy

A

Ivan the Terrible

47
Q

Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir

A

Time of Troubles

48
Q

tsar of Russia from 1613 to 1645 and founder of the Romanov dynasty

A

Michael Romanov

49
Q

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul

A

Ottoman Empire

50
Q

in the Ottoman Empire, grant of lands or revenues by the sultan to an individual in compensation for his services

A

timars

51
Q

a system implemented by the Ottoman Empire where young Christian boys from the conquered territories were taken as slaves, converted to Islam, and trained to become soldiers or administrators in the empire

A

devshirme

52
Q

a Muslim dynasty who ruled over a majority Hindu population. By 1750, they had dominated much of South Asia for several centuries

A

Mughal Empire

53
Q

local landlords or tax collectors in the Mughal Empire of India

A

zamindars

54
Q

a mausoleum complex in Agra, India. It was built in the 17th century by the Mughal emporer Shah Jahan to preserve the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth in 1631

A

Taj Mahal

55
Q

a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th centuries

A

Songhai

56
Q

a centralized state that existed during the 14th century until its dissolution in 1914. Located in west-central Africa (modern-day northern Angola), it had an advanced political structure and engaged extensively with Portuguese traders

A

Kongo and Angola

57
Q

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain

A

Asanti

58
Q

a Muslim explorer, voyager, and navigator who greatly expanded the economic reach of China in India, Africa, and various countries in the Middle East

A

Zheng He

59
Q

pastoral nomads with a strong military tradition like the Mongols, started the Qing Dynasty

A

Manchus

60
Q

established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria, in what is now northeastern China

A

Qing Dynasty

61
Q

fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil

A

Kangxi

62
Q

a Japanese military leader who reunified Japan at the beginning of the 17th century after a long period of civil war, known as the Warring States or Sengoku period

A

Tokugawa Ieyasa

63
Q

the years from 1603 until 1868 when the Tokugawa family ruled Japan

A

Edo Period

64
Q

Japanese foreign policy during the Edo period because contact with Western nations was limited to the Dutch

A

National Seclusion Policy

65
Q

Portuguese explorer and navigator, and the first person to sail directly from Europe to India

A

Vasco da Gama

66
Q

a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain

A

Christopher Columbus

67
Q

agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe

A

Treaty of Tordesillas

68
Q

16th-century Italian merchant and explorer remembered not only for his voyages that altered the course of history but for bestowing the New World with the name

A

Amerigo Verspucci

69
Q

Spanish explorer. In 1508–09 he explored and settled Puerto Rico

A

Ponce de Leon

70
Q

English explorer and privateer best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580

A

Sir Francis Drake

71
Q

Italian explorer who is famed for discovering Newfoundland and was instrumental in the development of the transatlantic trade between England and the Americas

A

John Cabot

72
Q

English navigator and explorer who set out to find either a northeast passage “by the North Pole to Japan and China” or a similar northwest passage

A

Henry Hudson

73
Q

historical sea passage of the North American continent

A

Northwest Passage

74
Q

steering device mounted on the outside or rear of the hull

A

The Sternpost Rudder

75
Q

a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction

A

Lateen Sails

76
Q

any of a type of early scientific instrument used for reckoning time and for observational purposes

A

Astrolabe

77
Q

an instrument for determining direction on the surface of Earth by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with Earth’s magnetic field

A

Magnetic Compass

78
Q

a small 15th and 16th century ship that has broad bows, high narrow poop, and usually three masts with lateen or both square and lateen sails

A

Three-Masted Caravels

79
Q

a Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico from 1519

A

Hernando Cortes

80
Q

the group of people who came directly from the Iberian Peninsula in Spain to the colonies in the Americas

A

peninsulares

81
Q

People of Spanish decent who were born in the New World

A

creoles

82
Q

people of mixed ancestry with a white European and an indigenous background

A

mestizos

83
Q

people of mixed African and European ancestry

A

mulattoes

84
Q

the governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of a king or sovereign

A

viceroys

85
Q

a system of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists

A

encomienda

86
Q

the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World

A

Middle Passage

87
Q

a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge

A

Age of Exploration

88
Q

a business owned by its shareholders, who can buy and sell shares freely

A

joint-stock company

89
Q

a major corporation in business from 1602 until 1799. During those years, the Dutch government granted it a monopoly on Dutch trade between Europe and Asia

A

Dutch East India Company

90
Q

a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices

A

mercantilism

AP World History: Modern (2 decks)

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