Unit 1-2 Flashcards
Bhakti Movement
Movement in Hinduism that refers to ideas and engagement that emerged in the medieval era on love and devotion to religious concepts built around one or more gods and goddesses
Sufism
mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God
Baghdad
Capital of the Abbasid dynasty - defeated by Mongols - Sack of Baghdad
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Islamic astronomer and mathematician who joined the Mongols who conquered Baghdad
Mamluks
a class of warrior-enslaved people, mostly of Turkic or Caucasian ethnicity, who served between the 9th and 19th century in the Islamic world
Mongols
nomadic people and formidable pastoralists who lived in the steppes of Central Asia
Ottoman Turks
a historical group that founded and controlled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922
Middle Ages
The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance
Feudalism
A political system in which lords gave lands to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty
vassals
a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe
fiefs
a piece of land that was granted to a vassal for services provided to their lord
three-field system
a rotational system for agriculture in which one-third of the land was planted in the autumn with winter crops, another third left fallow (unplanted), and the final third planted with spring crops
Code of Chivalry
A moral, social and religious code that was originally created to teach knights how to behave during Medieval times.
Primogeniture
means “firstborn.” In terms of inheritance, primogeniture dictates that the firstborn child will inherit the family title, property, and/or wealth.
serfs
a person who is forced to work on a plot of land, especially during the medieval period when Europe practiced feudalism
interregnum
a period when normal government is suspended, especially between successive reigns or regimes
William the Conqueror
A Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and in doing so took control of the Kingdom of England
Magna Carta
Great Charter’ - an agreement made with King John of England in 1215 which limited his power and prevented arbitrary royal acts
Hugh Capet
King of France elected in 987 who founded the Capetian dynasty (after the Carolingians)
Joan of Arc
a medieval peasant who, claiming to receive visions from God, turned the tide of the Hundred Years’ War in favor of a French victory
Bourbons
a very notable French ruling family from 1589 to 1793 - 1814 to 1830
Hundred Years War
Major conflict between France and England (1337-1453) over rival claims to territory in France
Queen Isabella
Queen of Spain during the mid-15 century - oversaw unification of Catholic Spain
King Ferdinand
King of Spain during the mid-15 century - oversaw unification of Catholic Spain
Spanish Inquistition
a way for the Spanish monarchy to root out any heretics, or non-Christians living under their rule. It lasted from 1478 until 1834 and targeted Jews, Muslims and anyone who opposed the Spanish monarchy
Tatars
the Turkish word for the Mongol invaders in the periods of 1237-1238 and 1240-1241
Czar
Ruler of Russia
Ivan the Terrible
an influential Russian ruler in the late sixteenth century - Son of Ivan the Great - descended from the Mongols
Ming Dynasty
ruled China from A.D. 1368 to 1644, during which China’s population would double
foot binding
a cultural practice in China in which women’s feet were crushed in order to appear smaller
Shogun
japenese term for a powerful general who uses his military power to effectively become the ruling political figure
Code of Bushido
the strict ethical code followed by samurai warriors in feudal Japan
Delhi Sultanate
a Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries - founded by the Turks
Rajput Kingdoms
a group of Hindu princely states in India that flourished between the 8th and 16th centuries
Khmer Empire
a state of Southeast Asia that lasted from about ad 802 to 1431
Angkor Wat
an enormous Buddhist temple complex located in northern Cambodia
Hausa Kingdoms
a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire in Mexico
Temple of the Sun
the chief place of worship of the Inca people in their capital city of Cusco
Machu Picchu
an Inca settlement located in the High Andes of Peru in the Urubamba Valley, north of Cuzco
Burghers
the middle class of European society during the Middle Ages
Hanseatic League
a confederation of guilds and market towns in Northern Europe during the early modern period
Crusades
a series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels—nonbelievers
Pope Innocent III
reformed the Roman Curia, reestablished and expanded the pope’s authority over the Papal States, worked tirelessly to launch Crusades to recover the Holy Land
Inquisition
Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy
Universal Church
the formidable power that that Catholic Church attained during the Middle Ages
Thomas Aquinas
A catholic saint who was part of a growing scholastic movement in late medieval Christianity, meaning he believed that knowledge was important and reason could coexist with faith
Genghis Khan
Mongolian warrior-ruler, one of the most famous conquerors of history, who consolidated tribes into a unified Mongolia
Mongol Empire
Empire formed by Genghis Khan that reached across most of Eurasia
Golden Horde
Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century
Kublai Khan
descendant of Genghis Khan who unified China under the Yuan Dynasty and was believed, by Confuscian leaders, to possess the Mandate of Heaven making him the rightful ruler of China
Timur Lang
leader of the Turkish nomads who filled the people of Europe and Asia with fear of having to relive the horror experienced during the Mongol expansion
Tamerlane
Turkish conquerer, leader of a Turkish tribe that expanded to empire after series of conquests
Mansa Musa
King of Mali - believed to be the wealthiest king in the history of the world
movable type
Type in which each individual character is cast. on a separate piece of metal
Bubonic Plague
a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, characterized by swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin. In the fourteenth century, the Black Death swept across the world from China to Europe and killed up to 60% of Europe’s population
Indian Ocean Trade
A series of merchants, states, and trade routes around the Indian Ocean that participted in a larger interconnected trade network
Great Zimbabwe
A wealthy African trading empire that controlled much of the East African coast from the 11th to 15th centuries
Kashgar
A city that served as a stopping point along the Silk roads and benefited heavily from merchant activity
Samarkand
A city that served as a stopping point along the Silk roads and benefited heavily from merchant activity
Xuanzang
Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who is known for his journey to India in the 7th century to study Buddhism
Marco Polo
A 13-century Italian explorer who is known for his travels throughout Asia
Ibn Battuta
medival Muslim traveler who wrote one of the world’s most famous travel logs, the Rihlah
Margery Kempe
A medieval mystic and author of the first English autobiography which relates her spiritual journey from wife and mother to Christian public speaker
Movement in Hinduism that refers to ideas and engagement that emerged in the medieval era on love and devotion to religious concepts built around one or more gods and goddesses
Bhakti Movement
mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God
Sufism
Capital of the Abbasid dynasty - defeated by Mongols - Sack of Baghdad
Baghdad
Islamic astronomer and mathematician who joined the Mongols who conquered Baghdad
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
a class of warrior-enslaved people, mostly of Turkic or Caucasian ethnicity, who served between the 9th and 19th century in the Islamic world
Mamluks
nomadic people and formidable pastoralists who lived in the steppes of Central Asia
Mongols
a historical group that founded and controlled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922
Ottoman Turks
The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance
Middle Ages
A political system in which lords gave lands to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty
Feudalism
a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe
vassals
a piece of land that was granted to a vassal for services provided to their lord
fiefs
a rotational system for agriculture in which one-third of the land was planted in the autumn with winter crops, another third left fallow (unplanted), and the final third planted with spring crops
three-field system
A moral, social and religious code that was originally created to teach knights how to behave during Medieval times.
Code of Chivalry
means “firstborn.” In terms of inheritance, primogeniture dictates that the firstborn child will inherit the family title, property, and/or wealth.
Primogeniture
a person who is forced to work on a plot of land, especially during the medieval period when Europe practiced feudalism
serfs
a period when normal government is suspended, especially between successive reigns or regimes
interregnum
A Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and in doing so took control of the Kingdom of England
William the Conqueror
Great Charter’ - an agreement made with King John of England in 1215 which limited his power and prevented arbitrary royal acts
Magna Carta
King of France elected in 987 who founded the Capetian dynasty (after the Carolingians)
Hugh Capet
a medieval peasant who, claiming to receive visions from God, turned the tide of the Hundred Years’ War in favor of a French victory
Joan of Arc
a very notable French ruling family from 1589 to 1793 - 1814 to 1830
Bourbons
Major conflict between France and England (1337-1453) over rival claims to territory in France
Hundred Years War
Queen of Spain during the mid-15 century - oversaw unification of Catholic Spain
Queen Isabella
King of Spain during the mid-15 century - oversaw unification of Catholic Spain
King Ferdinand
a way for the Spanish monarchy to root out any heretics, or non-Christians living under their rule. It lasted from 1478 until 1834 and targeted Jews, Muslims and anyone who opposed the Spanish monarchy
Spanish Inquistition
the Turkish word for the Mongol invaders in the periods of 1237-1238 and 1240-1241
Tatars
Ruler of Russia
Czar
an influential Russian ruler in the late sixteenth century - Son of Ivan the Great - descended from the Mongols
Ivan the Terrible
ruled China from A.D. 1368 to 1644, during which China’s population would double
Ming Dynasty
a cultural practice in China in which women’s feet were crushed in order to appear smaller
foot binding
japenese term for a powerful general who uses his military power to effectively become the ruling political figure
Shogun
the strict ethical code followed by samurai warriors in feudal Japan
Code of Bushido
a Muslim kingdom that ruled parts of India from the 13th to the 16th centuries - founded by the Turks
Delhi Sultanate
a group of Hindu princely states in India that flourished between the 8th and 16th centuries
Rajput Kingdoms
a state of Southeast Asia that lasted from about ad 802 to 1431
Khmer Empire
an enormous Buddhist temple complex located in northern Cambodia
Angkor Wat
a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE
Hausa Kingdoms
Capital of the Aztec Empire in Mexico
Tenochtitlan
the chief place of worship of the Inca people in their capital city of Cusco
Temple of the Sun
an Inca settlement located in the High Andes of Peru in the Urubamba Valley, north of Cuzco
Machu Picchu
the middle class of European society during the Middle Ages
Burghers
a confederation of guilds and market towns in Northern Europe during the early modern period
Hanseatic League
a series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels—nonbelievers
Crusades
reformed the Roman Curia, reestablished and expanded the pope’s authority over the Papal States, worked tirelessly to launch Crusades to recover the Holy Land
Pope Innocent III
Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy
Inquisition
the formidable power that that Catholic Church attained during the Middle Ages
Universal Church
A catholic saint who was part of a growing scholastic movement in late medieval Christianity, meaning he believed that knowledge was important and reason could coexist with faith
Thomas Aquinas
Mongolian warrior-ruler, one of the most famous conquerors of history, who consolidated tribes into a unified Mongolia
Genghis Khan
Empire formed by Genghis Khan that reached across most of Eurasia
Mongol Empire
Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century
Golden Horde
descendant of Genghis Khan who unified China under the Yuan Dynasty and was believed, by Confuscian leaders, to possess the Mandate of Heaven making him the rightful ruler of China
Kublai Khan
leader of the Turkish nomads who filled the people of Europe and Asia with fear of having to relive the horror experienced during the Mongol expansion
Timur Lang
Turkish conquerer, leader of a Turkish tribe that expanded to empire after series of conquests
Tamerlane
King of Mali - believed to be the wealthiest king in the history of the world
Mansa Musa
Type in which each individual character is cast. on a separate piece of metal
movable type
a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, characterized by swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin. In the fourteenth century, the Black Death swept across the world from China to Europe and killed up to 60% of Europe’s population
Bubonic Plague
A series of merchants, states, and trade routes around the Indian Ocean that participted in a larger interconnected trade network
Indian Ocean Trade
A wealthy African trading empire that controlled much of the East African coast from the 11th to 15th centuries
Great Zimbabwe
A city that served as a stopping point along the Silk roads and benefited heavily from merchant activity
Kashgar
A city that served as a stopping point along the Silk roads and benefited heavily from merchant activity
Samarkand
Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who is known for his journey to India in the 7th century to study Buddhism
Xuanzang
A 13-century Italian explorer who is known for his travels throughout Asia
Marco Polo
medival Muslim traveler who wrote one of the world’s most famous travel logs, the Rihlah
Ibn Battuta
A medieval mystic and author of the first English autobiography which relates her spiritual journey from wife and mother to Christian public speaker
Margery Kempe
