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UNIT 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Hernan Cortes known for?

A

Conquering the Aztec Empire for Spain. He built Mexico City over Tenochtitlan.

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2
Q

What were the Spanish’s reasons for expanding?

A

Gold, God, and Glory

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3
Q

What was Spain’s new empire in the Americas called?

A

New Spain

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4
Q

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed to North America on a journey to hopefully find a water route to Asia. Instead of making it to the Indies, where did he actually end up?

A

Though he believed he was in Asia, he landed on and island in the Bahamas (El Salvador)

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5
Q

Why did the Europeans want to get to Asia?

A

resources such as silk, spices, porcelain, and tea

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6
Q

What was the mission of Pineda’s voyage?

A

Find the Northwest Passage

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7
Q

What did Pineda end up doing?

A

Map the coast of Florida to Veracruz, Mexico, including the Texas coast

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8
Q

In 1519, Pineda_________

A

became the first European to see Texas for the first time.

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9
Q

What was Narvaez’s mission goal?

A

Explore the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and find gld

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10
Q

How did Narvaez’s expedition go?

A

It went wrong. The got lost in the Florida swamps, went on a goose chase for gold, found that their ships left without them, tried to leave from makeshift boats made of melted materials. After that, Narvaez was killed from the escape voyage, but there were a few survivors from it who washed on on Galveston Island, known as Isla de Malhado, and were stranded there, including Cabeza de Vaca.

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11
Q

Who was the treasurer on Narvaez’s journey?

A

Cabeza de Vaca

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12
Q

How long was Cabeza’s journey from Galveston Island to Mexico City?

A

8 years

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13
Q

What Native American tribe took the survivors captive when they first washed up there?

A

The Karankawa

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14
Q

What work did he do for the Karankawa? Put three things.

A

servant, trader, and healer

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15
Q

How did Cabeza gain respect from the Karankawa?

A

He healed one of the tribesmen by removing an arrowhead out o his chest.

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16
Q

After the Coahuiltecan captured Cabeza de Vaca, who did he escape with?

A

Estevanico, a North African slave, who used his language skills to help him and two other Narvaez expedition survivors survive.

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17
Q

What rumors did Cabeza de Vaca spread to the viceroy?

A

mountains of gold to the North

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18
Q

According to Spanish legend, how many cities of gold were made by the Portuguese bishops?

A

seven cities

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19
Q

Once Cabeza’s stories spread, the viceroy sent who to find the city with Estevanico to guide him.

A

Fray Marco de Niza

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20
Q

There was a did the scout group that went first ad Fray Marcos de Niza say they found it?

A

yes

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21
Q

Where was de Niza when he found it?

A

He was standing on top of a hill.

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22
Q

When did Coronado go to find Cibola (the city de Niza “found”)?

A

April 1540

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23
Q

How many people joined him on his journey?

A

1300

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24
Q

What did Coronado find instead of Cibola?

A

a Zuni Puebloan tribe

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25
Q

Why did de Niza think it was gold?

A

The homes were made of adobe bricks, which could look golden in the setting sun.

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26
Q

The Coronado expedition moved East and found the Tigua and stayed with them during the winter of 1540-1541. Who did they meet that told them of Quivira, another gold city in the Great Plains?

A

El Turko, a Native American

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27
Q

What did Coronado find instead of Quivira?

A

Grass huts and corn. The also found humpbacked cows, or buffalo.

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28
Q

In 1542, Coronado came back to Mexico City. Since they found no gold, the expedition was considered a failure. What did he say to the viceroy?

A

There was good farmland.

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29
Q

When did La Salle claim the Mississippi River Valley for France?

A

1682

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30
Q

La Salle proposed a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, and the king approved it. When did they leave, and how many ships and people went?

A

On August 1, 1684, he left with 4 ships and 280 colonists.

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31
Q

When they made it to Haiti, who stole one of La Salle’s ships?

A

a privateer

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32
Q

By how many miles did La Salle miss the mouth of the Mississippi River?

A

about 400 miles

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33
Q

Where did they end up settling?

A

near Matagorda Bay in Texas

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34
Q

What was the name of La Salle’s colony?

A

Fort St. Louis

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35
Q

Over the next two years, La Salle kept looking for the Mississippi River. Did he ever find it?

A

No

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36
Q

What were the reasons Fort St. Louis was struggling?

A

They were unable to grow crops (causing hunger), killed by diseases, and killed by Native Americans.

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37
Q

In February 1686, what event made La Salle and the colonists of Fort St. Louis stranded?

A

The sinking of their last ship, La Belle

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38
Q

With no ships, supplies, and less than 40 colonists left, what did La Salle decide to do and how did the colonists react?

A

He decided to take the strongest colonists, leaving the ill, women, and children, on a 1200 mile journey to the nearest French outpost to hopefully resupply the settlement. In East Texas, the settlers led a mutiny and killed La Salle on March 19, 1687.

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39
Q

True or false? After La Salle’s mutiny, half of the group continued on to Canada, and the other half stayed. They people at Fort St. Louis managed to live for another year before being killed on in a Karankawa attack. They tribe took in 5 of the children.

A

True

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40
Q

La Salle’s explorations helped France establish trade relationships with Natives in Louisiana. How did Spain react?

A

They didn’t want France to take their territory, so they began settling Texas again. There was a conflict between France and Spain, England, and some German states from 1689 to 1697, which made Spain even more uneasy.

41
Q

True or false? La Salle named Louisiana after King Louis XIV.

A

True

42
Q

How many voyages did La Salle go on?

A
  1. One for exploring the Mississippi and one for colonizing
43
Q

What was the first mission in East Texas?

A

San Francisco de los Tejas

44
Q

Who founded and built San Francisco de los Tejas because he wanted to build a mission among the Caddo people of East Texas?

A

Father Damian Massanet

45
Q

Cabeza de Vaca’s journey began the____________

A

Age of Contact

46
Q

What explored discovered the Palo Duro Canyon?

A

Coronado

47
Q

Spain sent Alonso de Leon and his troops to destroy Fort St. Louis. What did they find?

A

Ruins. His troops met the Hasinai, who referred to the Spanish as Ta’sha, or ally or friend. The Spanish later referred to the area and native people as Tejas. Eventually, Texas got its name from English people mispronouncing Tejas.

48
Q

What were the issues of San Francisco de los Tejas?

A

Failed crops, disease killed the Native Americans and some of the friars. The native people believed that the holy water made them ill, so they rejected Catholicism. They also didn’t like them trying to change their way of life. The mission eventually closed down.

48
Q

What were the two accomplishments of San Francisco de los Tejas?

A

It strengthened Spain’s claim to Texas and showed that a settlement needed families to settle the land.

48
Q

Who asked the French whether they could build a mission among the Tejas since the Spanish wouldn’t approve it (reopen San Francisco de los Tejas)?

A

Father Francisco Hidalgo

48
Q

Before Texas, where were Spain’s first settlements?

A

From present-day California to New Mexico and Florida. France claimed the Mississippi River Valley in between.

48
Q

When the French approved of Hidalgo’s proposal, who did they send to negotiate with the Spanish at the Rio Grande?

A

Louis St. Denis and a small group of people

48
Q

How did the Spanish react upon St. Denis’s arrival?

A

They were alarmed and sent him to Mexico City for questioning. He said that they had no plan to take over East Texas, but the viceroy and his council didn’t believe St. Denis.

48
Q

After St. Denis arrival, the Spanish viceroy ordered for what?

A

He ordered for new missions to be built in East Texas. The Spanish had St. Denis guide them on their journey.

49
Q

What were some results of not having a midpoint between the East Texas settlers and the Rio Grande settlements?

A

The East Texans had to trade with the French in Louisiana or starve since supplies came very slowly if anything.

50
Q

What was the first settlement for the midpoint? What was the one the came after it across the San Antonio River?

A

Presidio San Antonio de Bexar, which eventually became the city of San Antonio, and Mission San Antonio de Valero

51
Q

What would Mission San Antonio de Valero’s chapel eventually become known as?

A

The Alamo

52
Q

What did the colonists of the San Antonio River settlements use for irrigation for their farmland?

A

They used canals, or waterways.

53
Q

What was the territory from northern Mexico to the San Antonio River called? Who owned it?

A

Nuevo Santander, which was owned by Jose de Escandon, a military leader for Spain

54
Q

Over time, how many settlements did Jose de Escandon establish in Nuevo Santander? About how many people lived in them?

A
  1. Over 6,000 people lived in his settlements.
55
Q

What was Jose de Escandon’s nickname?

A

the Father of the Lower Rio Grande Valley

56
Q

Why was the war between France and Spain known as the Chicken War?

A

It was because when settlers heard about the news, they fled like chickens. In addition, chickens distracted the French, allowing the two people hiding to escape the other way.

57
Q

Who did the Spanish viceroy send to invade and retake East Texas after the Chicken War?

A

Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo, the governor of the province of Coahuila and Texas

58
Q

What did Aguayo’s team end up doing?

A

It was delayed for almost two years. They ended up reclaiming lost land; they reopened abandoned missions from the Chicken War.

59
Q

What was the name of the presidio Aguayo founded near the French settlement of Nachitoches near present-day Robeline, Louisiana? Did Aguayo make it the unofficial capital of Spanish Texas?

A

Nuestra Senora del Pilar de los Adaes (Los Adaes). Yes

60
Q

Aguayo also helped strengthen Spain’s presence in Texas. He sent a detachment, or small part of a larger military force near Matagorda Bay to do what?

A

Establish a presidio called La Bahia, which is Spanish for bay. Later, a mission was founded near there called Mission La Bahia. Later, they were moved to the Guadalupe River to be near more willing Native Americans. After that, they moved again to the San Antonio River where the town Goliad is. They still kept their names despite being far away from a bay.

61
Q

What how many missions and presidios did Aguayo end up starting?

A

He left ten missions from two and four presidios from one.

62
Q

True or false? Aguayo established a connection by sea between Matagorda Bay and Veracruz in what was then New Spain.

A

True.

63
Q

Did Aguayo’s efforts expand Spain’s presence and create a safe supply line?

A

Yes. In addition, France never threatened Spain again.

64
Q

True or false? Missions had a very flexible routine.

A

False. They had a very complex and structured daily routine.

65
Q

Were Native Americans forced to live in the missions?

A

No. Sometimes, they would stay there for protection from enemies and go back occasionally for traditional practices, like cultural events, or hunting and trading with other Native Americans.

66
Q

What was the daily routine in the missions?

A

They would practice their religion; eat breakfast; do their daily tasks like tending to livestock, farming, or learning a craft or trade; have lunch; rest; work until sundown; and practice some more religion; eat; and go to sleep.

67
Q

How did the friars treat the Native Americans unlike the soldiers?

A

The friars didn’t treat them as harsh. The soldiers had bad relationships with Native Americans.

68
Q

What would soldiers do?

A

They would protect the missions, stand at posts for long hours, sometimes follow native people or groups despite the fact that they weren’t forced to live at missions, conduct supply trains, escort groups of people, and carry the mail. The rest of their time was spent doing tasks like tending to the horses and maintaining the presidio.

69
Q

Were the soldiers paid a lot?

A

They were not. They would have to pay for their own weapons, supplies, uniforms, and food. They would often pay their commanding officers for them, who would often overcharge for them. This would put the soldiers in more debt and have to stay in the army longer.

70
Q

What would off-duty soldiers do?

A

They would farm, raise livestock, and run ranches.

71
Q

What were Mexicans in Texas known as?

A

Tejanos

72
Q

What were people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage known as?

A

Mestizo

73
Q

How is Tejano culture still prominent in Texas today?

A

It is popular in literature, music, art, and food.

74
Q

What were the different cultures represented in Texas? How did they contribute to Texas’s diversity?

A

Spanish, Mexican Native Americans, Mestizos, Tejanos, African Americans. Their experiences and cultures were shared and made Texas what it is today.

75
Q

The Spanish were strongly Catholic and wanted to convert others to it. These efforts began in the late 1690s and marked the beginning of the________

A

Spanish colonial era

76
Q

What were the two main reasons why Native Americans would agree to live in missions? Which one was more important to them?

A

Protection from enemies and a steadier supply of food. Protection from warrior tribes like the Apache and Comanche were more important to them.

77
Q

Did the natives that lived in missions keep some of their old traditions with them?

A

yes

78
Q

What were the two reasons why missions would fail?

A

The two main reasons why missions would fail is Native American disinterest and disease. Some natives felt that a steady supply of food and protection from enemies was not worth giving up their traditional ways of life. In addition, diseases carried by the Spanish killed many of the Native Americans and prevented the missions from growing.

79
Q

What were the three types of settlements that the Spanish would establish?

A

towns, which were for housing settlers
missions, which were for educating and converting natives to Spanish culture and religion
presidios, which was a fort for housing soldiers

80
Q

What is a friar?

A

A friar is a Catholic priest that belongs to a religious order.

81
Q

What is a council?

A

A council is a group of advisors.

82
Q

What is a privateer?

A

It is a privately owned ship that is armed or a more formal term for a Spanish pirate.

83
Q

What is a stockade?

A

a crude fort

84
Q

Was Cabeza de Vaca the first European to explore Texas?

A

yes

85
Q

Did Cabeza write stories about Texas that inspired future explorers?

A

yes

86
Q

Who opened the most successful mission in East Texas?

A

Antonio Margil de Jesus

87
Q

True or false? These events are in order: Europeans search for sea routes to Asia -> Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas -> Europeans map the coastline while searching for the Northwest Passage -> Conquistadors explore the interior of Texas -> The French build a fort in Texas.

A

True

88
Q

When was Presidio San Antonio de Bexar founded?

A

1718

89
Q

What is a conquistador?

A

They were explorers who would conquer and settle lands for Spain.

90
Q

What were viceroys?

A

They were people who would govern an area since the king and queen were too far away.

91
Q

What is a province?

A

A province is an area of land.

92
Q

What does it mean when you navigate something?

A

It means to sail over, direct, find your way there, or lead the way.

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