Unit 3 Flashcards
Respondent conditioning
The repeated pairing of two stimuli resulting in a previously neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus
An event or object in the environment that an organism can sense.
Neutral stimulus:
Stimulus that DOES NOT elicit a response.
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that does not require a learning history to elicit a response.
Unconditioned response
Response that is caused by unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits a response due to a pairing history.
Conditioned response
Response that is caused by conditioned stimulus.
Respondent stimulus generalization
Tendency of a response to be elicited by a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
How do you get rid of the response?
Weaken the response with multiple presentations.
Antecedent behavior
Behavior causes a consequence.
Law of effect
Responses that result in satisfying outcomes tend to be repeated.
Operant conditioning
The strengthening or weakening the probability of behavior due to the consequence that have filled that same behavior in the past. (Skinner!)
Response
Any action performed by the organism.
Learning
Defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
What does ABC stand for?
Antecedents, behavior, and consequences
Contingency
The relationship between behavior, preceding events, and consequent events.
Reinforcement
The principle
Reinforcer
The stimulus
Deprivation:
Given too LITTLE access to a reinforcer will make it MORE valuable.
Satiation:
Given too MUCH access to a reinforcer will make it LESS valuable.
Shaping:
The development of new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations and extinguishing previous approximations. (Rat playing basketball example)
Operant extinction:
The withholding of a consequence following behavior that results in a decrease on the future frequency of that behavior.
Punisher:
A stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the future frequency of that behavior.
Punishment
The principle
Punisher
The stimulus
What is necessary for time-outs to work as punishments?
In order for time out to be effective as punishment, time in must be reinforcing.
Successive approximations
It is the most similar behavior to the target behavior that the organism does at least occasionally.
Observational Learning
Monkey see money do. Children became more likely to imitate if they observed the adults being rewarded for their actions (banduras bobo the clown)
Contingency management
Changing the relationship between antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.
Contingency management and drug abuse
If the recovering addicts showed up to work clean (no drugs in their systems) they were allowed to work and earn money reinforcement. If the recovering addicts showed up to work work and failed the drug test, they were not allowed to work that day punishment.
Behavioral sports psychology
Behavioral principles can be applied to the coaching process by explicitly identifying the precise behaviors to be executed, developing a specific plan to manage contingencies through monitoring and rewards.
What is the common staff reaction to the behavioral problems of elderly residents in nursing homes?
Restraints (specifically chemical restraints)
What are 3 positive improvements that can be achieved through staff training with behavioral management techniques?
1) improve memory
2) decrease aggression
3) promote independence of residents w/o extra staff required.
What did the largest and most expensive educational experiment ever funded by the federal government demonstrate?
Project Follow Through: demonstrated that behavior-based educational methods produced the greatest gains in basic education skills, complex cognitive skills, and improved self-esteem in children from diverse backgrounds. “Don’t blame the rat/learner”
Primary reinforcers:
Typically satisfy some biological need such as food, water, warmth, oxygen, etc.
Secondary reinforcers:
Can be any number of possible stimuli, such as praise, good grades, money, and hobbies.
Primary punishers:
Tend to be relate to events that are biological in nature such as pain stimulation or extreme temperatures.
Secondary punishers:
Acquired by being paired with other punishing events like; criticism embarrassment, and loss of possessions.
Respondent conditioning:
When a conditioned stimulus becomes neutral again due to repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the stimulus it was originally paired with.
Motivation operation:
An antecedent change in the environment that makes a reinforcement more or less valuable.
