Unit 3 Flashcards
Laws of Thermodynamics
- A cell must harvest energy/energy cannot be created. 2. transfer of energy leads to less less orginzation known as entrophy.
Exergonic
More energy than products. Energy is released or exits.
Endergonic
Reactants have less energy than the products. Energy is captured endergonic.
Denaturing
When protiens lose their shape often due to temperature, and Ph changes. In some cases denaturin reversible.
Enzymes
Enzymes are protiens, catalysts. They also lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction. And they bind to substrates.
Substrate
a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
Activation site
An active site is a specific region on an enzyme (or other proteins) where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Products
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by binding to substrates, converting them into products
Catabolic
Reactions break down larger more complex moleclues and release energy in the process.
Anabolic
Use energy to build more complex moleclues.
Inhibitor
Inhibtors inhibit enzyme activity.
Hinderances to enzyme activity
- Ph and Temperature
High temperature will denature protiens.
Competitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme.
Non competitive inhibitors
Noncompetitive inhibitors can bind allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme.
Energy
Energy input must exceed energy loss to maintain order and to power cellular processes.
Cofactors
Bind to enzymes or other proteins, they can be metallic ions such as magnesium, iron, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Cofactors are involved in the enzyme’s catalytic activity.
Coenzymes
Carry chemical groups between enzymes. Examples of coenzymes includes NAD, FAD as well as many vitamins. (A & c)
Holoenzyme
Is formed when associated cofactors or coenzymes binds to the enzymes’ active site.
Feedback inhibitiion
The final product inhibits the first enzyme when non-competitive inhibitors are present.
Autocrine
It is transmitted within its own cell.
Paracrine
Transmission occurs between cells that are Nearby/local.
Juxtacrine
Transmission occurs between cells that are besides, next to, or touching each other.
Endocrine
Transmitted within the bloodstream.
Reception
Receiveing a signal or stimulus (lingand)
Transduction
Produce different response pathways from transmission.
Response
The final effects of the signal transduction pathway
Positive feedback
Increases stimulus, and amplify its effects.
negative feedback
Decrease/counteracts stimlus, bring back to a set goal.
Feedback mechanism
Organisms use many feedback mechanisms to either maintain or amplify important chemical systems. This could happen at a molecular level to coordinate the function of a single enzyme or it could happen throughout the body to regulate the organism’s internal temperature.
Protein phosphatases
Remove phosphate groups from protiens.
Phosphorlation
adds a phosphate group onto a protien to “activate” it.
