Unit 2 - Cell Structure + Function Flashcards
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Inner folds form cristae which is turned into a liquid-matrix
Inner membrane- coated in enzymes that catalyse ATP
Nucleus
Stores genetic information of the cell as chromosomes. Where ribosomes are made and RNA is assembled.
Surrounded by a membrane- nuclear envelope.
Prokaryote
Pro = Before Karyote = kernel/nucleus Found in bacteria and archea)
Eukaryote
Eu = True Karyote = kernel/nucleus
Found in plants, animals, fungi, humans.
Solute
A substance that dissolves into a solvent.
Solvent
A liquid in which a solute dissolved into.
Solution
The mixture of the solvent and solute.
Water potential
Water always moves from high (less negative) to low water (more negative) potential. (Water has a potential of 0 bars)
Active Transport
Utilizes energy, anything that requires something in the opposite direction of its concentration gradient will use ATP accomplish this.
Cholesterol
Acts like a spacer; preventing packing. Or can help connect phospholipids when cells get too hot or cold. It prevents overheating. And monitors what comes in and out.
Integral Protiens
Integral protiens are located on the inside and are used as a transport/channel. “Channel Protiens”. Have Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (amphipathic.)
Peripheral Protiens
Exterior Protiens are loose, they act as enzymes to cytoskeleton to help w/ shape.
Lysosomes
a contain powerful digestive enzymes to break down materials (lysozyme)
Specialised vesicles.
Gologi body
Where complex molecules are stored & changed
Receives proteins from ER, modifies & packages the proteins. Has a cis and trans side. After processing the Protiens are sent away in vesicles. Also used to produce lysomes.
Smooth endoplasmic retilicum
Same structure as Rough ER but without ribosomes
Involved in lipid production.
Plasma membrane
Semi-permeable lipid layer studded with proteins
Ribsomes
Involved in protein synthesis
Assembly line for coded information from mRNA to assemble strands of amino acids.
Rough ER
A structure studded with ribosomes
Transports proteins on attached ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis & packaging.
Chloroplasts
Found in plants & algae
Site of photosynthesis, gives plants a green color.
Centrioles
Found in the cytoplasm, made of microtubules- produce spindle fibres in mitosis
9 bundles of microtubules- only found in animal cells
Help in organising cell division
Cell Wall
Rigid outer layer covering, mostly found in plant cells.
Vacuoles
A sac filled with nutrients for the cell, often used for storage. In plants it’s filled with water.
Flagella
Whip-like strcuture used for cell movement. (bacteria cells)
Cilia
Hair-like structures more fluid/materials pass immobile or moving cells. Gives cells more surface area
Vesicles
Vesicles are small, membrane-bound sacs within cells that transport, store, or digest substances.
Glycoprotein
When Protiens and carbohydrates bind together they become glycoprotien. AId in cell recongition and communication.
Glyco-lipid
Carb attached to a phospholipid. Both can identify the cell as belonging to itself.
Osmosis
The diffusion from a high concentration of water to a lower concentartion of water; aquaphorin plays a huge part. (Only the solvent moves, this also causes the cell to swell up.)
Diffusion
Both solute and solvent move.
Hypotonic
The solution concentration is greater in the cell so water flows in to dilute it. Hypotonic bloats like an “O”
Tonicity
A way to describe the concentartion of solutes outside of a cell in relation to solutes inside the cell.
Isotonic
When both sides are balances and have achieved homeostasis; no movement.
passive transport
Passive transport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement. Move from higher concentration to lower concentration. Small nonpolar can pass with passive diffusion. (e.g o2 co2)
Concentration gradient
A physical space in which there is a range of concentrations of a single substance is said to have a concentration gradient. This in attempt of reaching a isotonic state.
Facilitated transport
In facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion, materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins. A concentration gradient exists that would allow these materials to diffuse into the cell without expending cellular energy.
Hypertonic
A solution will be hypertonic to a cell if its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell. This shrinks the cell. Hypurrtonic is shrinks up like a scared cat.
Hypotonic
If the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell compared to out.
Aquaporins
A channel Protien used specfically for water.
Sodium-Potassium pump
One phophate is used to power the pump which releases the sodium, the opening allows for 2 potassium to come in different spots and go into the cell.
Cytosis
Cell action!
Excytosis
(E.R also helps this process) when vesicles transport materials outside a cell. The vesicle fuses with the cell Wall and then release occurs.
Endocytosis
(E.R also helps this process) Exocytosis in reverse, the fused vesicle acts like a vehicle to transport nutrients inside the cell.
Phagocytosis (type of endocytosis)
When a cell engulfs an entire cell then proceeds to destroy it and/or comebine with it. (e.g white blood cells killing pathogens.)
Pinocytosis
engulfs things that have already been dissolved. - This is when extracellular fluid is taken into the cells using vesicle
Receptor mediated endocytosis
when the cell only allows those ligands to enter
which are recognized by the cell and binds to
the receptor.
Surface area-Volume ratio.
SA= 6s^2 Volume =lxwxh
Carbohydrate side chains
Present on the outer surface of the cell member and aid in cell communcation.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is a structure that aid cells in
maintaining their shape and internal organization.
The cytoskeleton is composed of a network of protein
fibers such as microtubules and microfilaments.
Bulk Flow
The movement of large substances such as glucose due to the presence of pressure or temperature gradient.
Dialysis
diffusion or the
passive transport of substances
across a selectively permeable
membrane.
peroxisomes
These organelles contain digestive enzymes that
are used to break down toxic materials in the cell,
producing hydrogen peroxide. They further
convert hydrogen peroxide into safer substances
such as water and oxygen by using enzyme
catalase.
Anti-port
The simultaneous transport of two different molecules, one goes with . in the Sodium Potassium pump both ions go against their concentration gradient, in anti-ports only one moleclue does. (Secondary active transport)
Symport
Two different moleclues are transported together in the same direction.
Uniport
The transfer of a single moleclue across the cell membrane.
Osmolarity
Total solute concentration in a solution.
Plasmolysis
Less solute more solvent
Plasmodesmata
