UNIT 3 Flashcards
Cross-Sectional Design
A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.
Longitudinal Design
A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.
Nature
An individual’s biological inheritance, especially genes.
Nurture
An individual’s environmental and social experiences. `
Resilience
A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
Germinal Period
Weeks 1 & 2. Begins with conception. The fertilized egg is called a zygote. By the end of 2 weeks, the mass of cell attaches to the uterine wall.
Embryonic Period
Weeks 3 & 4. Zygote becomes an embryo. Support systems for cell develop, organs begin. Neural tube (spinal cord) takes shape. Heart beat.
Fetal Period
months 2-9. Fetus grows, organ function increases.
Teratogen
Any agent that causes a problem in prental development. (Chemical substances or illnesses)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
A cluster of problems that appear in babies due to prenatal alcohol exposure.
Preferential Looking
A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.
Adolescence
refers to the developmental period spanning the transition from childhood to adulthood. (10/12-18/21).
Puberty
A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.
Assimilation
an individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
Accommodation
an individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development. Last from birth to 2 years. During which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.
Object Permanence
Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be directly seen, heard, or touched.
Pre-operational Stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from 2-7 years. During which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from 7-11 years. Individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development, 11-15 years and continues through adult. Thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypothesis.
Core Knowledge Approach
A perspective on infant cognitive development that babies are born with domain specific knowledge systems.
Executive Function
Higher-order, complex cognitive processes. Such as thinking, planning, and problem solving.
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
Temperament
An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
Easy Child
Generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, easily adapts to new experiences.
Difficult Child
Cries frequently, irregular daily routines.
Slow-to-warm up child
Low activity level, withdraw from new situations, cautious in the face of new experiences.
Infant Attachment:
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
Secure Attachment:
The ways that infant use their caregivers as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Trust versus Mistrust:
Birth to 1.5 years. Infant depends on caregivers to establish a sense that the world is trust worthy. Without, child lacks a foundation for social relationships.
Autonomy vs. Shame & Guilt:
1.5-3 years. Beginnings of self control. When young children have the opportunity to experience control over their own behaviors, they develop the capacity for independence and confidence.
Initiative versus Guilt:
3-5 years. Forge their own interests and take on responsibilities.
Industry versus Inferiority:
6-puberty. Gain competence in academic skills.
Authoritarian Parenting:
A restrictive parenting style in which the child follows parents directions and values hard work and effort.
Authoritative Parenting:
Encourages child to be independent but places limits and controls on behavior.
Neglectful Parenting:
lack of involvement in child’s life.
Permissive Parenting
few limits on child’s behavior.
Identity Diffusion:
The adolescent has neither explored nor committed to an identity.
Identity Moratorium:
Actively exploring and trying on roles but not committed to a particular identity.
Identity Foreclosure:
Committed to a identity but done so without exploring their options
Identity Achievement:
After committing to an identity the adolescent emerges with a sense of their own values and principles, a sense of purpose.
Emerging Adulthood:
The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood. 18-25.
Instability:
Residential changes and changes in love, work, and education.
Self Focus:
Emerging adults are self focused in that they may have little in the way of social obligations.
Feeling In Between:
Emerging adults don’t consider themselves to be either adolescents or adults.
Gender:
The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither.
Gender Identity:
A person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of gender.
Sexual Orientation:
The direction of erotic interests.
Gender Roles:
Roles that reflect society’s expectations for how people of different genders should act, think, and feel
Gender Similarities Hypothesis:
Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.
Pre-conventional:
The person’s moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of behavior.
Conventional:
Person abides by learned standards.
Post Conventional:
Person recognizes alternative moral course, and develops a personal moral code.
Prosocial Behavior:
Behavior that is intended to benefit others.
Abnormal Behavior
Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
Biological Approach:
Attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes, genetic factors and neurotransmitters.
Medical Model:
The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.
The Psychological Approach:
Emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders.
The sociocultural approach:
emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and characteristics they have. (Ex. poverty, gender, ethnicity)
Biopsychosocial Approach:
Biological, psychological, and social factors all play a part in psychological disorders.
Vulnerability-Stress Hypothesis Model:
A theory holding that pre-existing conditions put an individual at risk for developing a psychological disorder.
DSM-5:
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, The major classification of disorders in the united states.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:
Psychological disorders characterized by bodily symptoms that either are very distressing or interfere with a person’s functioning along with excessive thoughts, feeling, and behaviors about the symptoms.
Comorbidity:
The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person.
Risk Factor:
Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder.
Psychotherapy:
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
Applied Behavior analysis or Behavior Modification:
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
ADHD:
One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one of more of the following, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsitivity.
Anxiety Disorders:
Disabling psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.
Panic Disorder:
Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
Specific Phobia:
Psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
Social Anxiety Disorder:
An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disastor.
Dissociative Disorders:
Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individuals conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
Dissociative Amnesia: .
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
Depressive Disorders:
mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression- an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
Major Depressive Disorder:
Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks.
Bipolar Disorder:
Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
Anorexia Nervosa:
Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Bulimia Nervosa:
Eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge and purge pattern.
Binge Eating Disorder:
Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
Psychosis:
A state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally moved from reality.
Schizophrenia:
Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.
Hallucinations:
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.
Delusions:
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.
Referential Thinking:
Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
Catatonia:
State of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time.
Flat Affect:
The display of little or not emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.
Borderline Personality Disorder:
Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
Personality Disorders:
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.
Antisocial Personality Disorder:
Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
