Unit 3

Question 1

What are direct scores?

Answer 1

Direct scores, also known as “raw dat”, represent the data obtained directly from a measuring instrument

Question 2

Provide an example of direct score

Answer 2

A direct score could be 20 correct answers on a 100 question test

Question 3

What are the limitations of direct scores?

Answer 3

Direct scores offer limited information, lack independent interpretability, require a reference point, aren’t comparable bbetween different instruments and need transformation for meaningful analysis.

Question 4

What is a differential score?

Answer 4

A differential score is a transformed score obtained by subtracting the mean from a direct score (x - x̄).

Question 5

How do you interpret the sign of differential score?

Answer 5

A positive sign signifies a score exceeding the mean, while a negative sign indicates a score below the mean.

Question 6

What is a limitation od differential scores?

Answer 6

Differential scores do not consider data variability

Question 7

How are differential scores primarily used?

Answer 7

Differential scores are mainly used in the calculation of standard scores and other statistical measures like variance or standard daviation, rather than as a standalone measure.

Question 8

What are standard scores?

Answer 8

Standard scores illustrate the difference between an individual’s score and their reference group’s mean, accounting for data dispersion

Question 9

What is another term for standard scores?

Answer 9

Another term for standard scores is Z scores.

Question 10

What does converting a direct score into a standard score achieve?

Answer 10

Converting a direct score into a standard score standardizes or typifies the distribution, facilitating comparions between different distribuitions and scores of different natures

Question 11

What is the purpose of transforming data to a normal distribution using standard scores?

Answer 11

Transforming data to a normal distribution enables comparisons between scores from different groups and variables

Question 12

In a standardized distribution, what is the mean always?

Answer 12

In a typified distribution, the mean is always 0

Question 13

In a typified/standardized distribution, what is the standard deviation always?

Answer 13

In a typified distribution, the standard deviation is always 1.

Question 14

What does standard score indicate?

Answer 14

A standard score reveals how many standard deviations a scores (x) deviates from the mean of its group

Question 14

Write the formula for calculating a standard score (Z score).

Answer 14

Z = (x - x̄) / S

Question 15

If a subject’s score is equal to the mean, what will their standard score (Z) be?

Answer 15

If a subject’s score equals the mean, their standard score (Z) will be 0.

Question 16

What is the typical range of standard scores?

Answer 16

Standard scores typically fall between -3 and 3.

Question 17

What does a positive standard score indicate?

Answer 17

A positive standard score means the scores is above the mean.

Question 18

What does a negative standard score indicate?

Answer 18

A negative standard score means the score is below the mean.

Question 19

What is the mean of standard scores always?

Answer 19

always 0.

Question 20

What are the standard deviation and variance pf standard scores always?

Answer 20

The standard deviation and variance of standard scores are always 1.

Question 21

What 3 keys terms relate to transforming direct scores to consider data dispersion?

Answer 21

The terms are direct score, differential score, and standard score.

Question 22

What is a normal distribution?

Answer 22

A normal distribution is a statistical concept where data is symmetrically distributed around the mean, with mean, median, and mode all being equal.