Unit 3 Flashcards by daria behrens

Processes

a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.

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Multipolar

have one axon and two or more dendrites (almost all neurons in CNS, and all motor neurons)

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Unipolar

only one process emerging from cell, exclusively sensory, dendrites receive sensory info, cell bodies always found in ganglia

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Bipolar

two processes that extend from each end of body, one axon, one dendrite (found in special senses like olfactory epithelium, retina, and inner ear)

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Limbic System

“emotional center” of brain

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Amygdala

(Limbic system) processing emotions, (fear and pleasure), helps react in dangerous situations

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Hippocampus

(Limbic system) memory formation, converts short-term to long-term memories

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Thalamus

(Limbic system) relay station for sensory info, receives data from senses and sends to brain for processing

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Hypothalamus

(Limbic system) homeostasis (balance), body temp, hunger, thirst, sleep

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Basal Ganglia

(Limbic system) movement, and coordination, voluntary movement, habit learning

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Cingulate Gyrus

(Limbic system) processing emotions, behavior regulation, self awareness, interpersonal communication

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Sensory neuron

afferent, carries incoming messages from sense receptors to CNS
(a = accept)

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Interneurons

only neurons in CNS acting ass messengers between sensory and motor neurons
(i = in-between)

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Motor neurons

efferent, carries outgoing info from CNS to peripheral nervous system and muscles
(e = exit)

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Agonists

Master key (mimics)

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Antagonists

Fake key (blocks)

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Neurotransmitters

(Synapse) chemical substance that crosses the synapse to carry on the message to next neuron

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Synapse

(Synapse) open space between two neurons at which neurotransmitters cross

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Receptor Sites

(Synapse) specific points on dendrites of neurons that recieive specific types of neurotransmitters

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Refractory period

(Firing process) period of time after firing that neuron is focused on resetting, and is unable to fire again

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Resting potential

(Firing process) when a neuron is not firing

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Action potential

(Firing process) “nerve impulse” electrical pulse, or “message” that travels the length of axon

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All or Nothing Principle

(Firing process) the neuron either fires completely, or not at all

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Depolarization

(Firing process) when “opposites” are no longer away from each other

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Neuron

(Neuron) cells that send and receive messages from the body and the brain

Dendrites

(Neuron) receive incoming messages

Soma

(Neuron) Contains nucleus

Nucleus

(Neuron) makes the decision on whether or not to fire

Axon

(Neuron) longest part of neuron, electrical message travels the length of it

Myelin Sheath

(Neuron) fatty tissue that insulates axon, speeding up transmission of message

Node of Ranvier

(Neuron) space between myelin sheath

Terminal buds

(Neuron) end point of a neuron, releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, sending message to next neuron

Brain plasticity

if you don't use it, you lose it

Frontal lobe

(Cerebrum) judgment, planning, producing speech sounds, controlling emotions, personality, temperament

Motor Cortex

(Cerebrum) movements

Parietal lobe

body positioning, pressure, spatial reasoning, temperature, touch, pain

Sensory cortex

touch, pressure

Temporal Lobe

(Cerebrum) hearing, long-term memory, understanding, speech and language

Occipital lobe

(Cerebrum) vision

Cerebellum

(Cerebrum) balance

Brainstem

-PONS -Medulla -Reticular activating system (RAS)

Wernicke's Area

(Association areas) in left temporal area, language comprehension, expression

Broca's Area

(Association areas) in left frontal lobe, directing motor movement, specifically in speech

CNS

Central nervous system, brain, spine

PNS

Peripheral nervous system, sensory and motor neurons, connect CNS to rest of body

Autonomic Nervous System

(PNS) controls involuntary functions (digestion)

Somatic Nervous System

(PNS) controls voluntary movements

Sympathetic Nervous System

(Autonomic) fight or flight

Parasympathetic

(Autonomic) rest and digest

Pituitary gland

(Endocrine system) regulates the activity of all other glands

Thyroid gland

(Endocrine system) regulates metabolism, physical growth and development, calcium rate

Adrenal gland

(Endocrine system) "fight or flight", metabolism

Pancreas

(Endocrine system) regulates glucose levels in blood

Gonads

(Endocrine system) regulates bodily development and maintains reproductive organs

Acetylcholine

(Neurotransmitters) muscle contractions, memory, learning (alzheimer's)

Dopamine

(Neurotransmitters) movement, thought process, rewarding sensation (parkinson's schizophrenia, drug addiction)

Serotonin

(Neurotransmitters) emotional states, sleep (depression)

Norepinephrine

(Neurotransmitters) physical arousal, learning, memory (depression, stress)

GABA

(Neurotransmitters) inhibition of brain activity (anxiety)

Endorphins

(Neurotransmitters) pain perception, positive emotions, "runners high" (opiate addiction)

Glutamate

(Neurotransmitters) learning and memory (alzheimer's, autism, schizophrenia)