unit 3

Question 1

The Lemon Test

Answer 1

Three-pronged rule used by courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated

Question 2

Process of Selective Incorporation

Answer 2

The Supreme Court of the United States ensures that the rights guaranteed in the Constitution are not violated by the states

Question 3

Prior Restraint

Answer 3

In First Amendment law, prior restraint is government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens. The 1st Amendment prohibits this.

Question 4

Amendments 1-10 (generalized)

Answer 4

1st: Freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and petition
2nd: Bear Arms
3rd: Quartering a Soldier
4th: Search and Seizure
5th: Due Process, self incrimination, double jeopardy
6th: Right to a speedy trial by jury FAIR TRIAL
7th: rights in civil trials
8th: excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishments
9th: rights retained by the people
10th: states rights apposed to governemnt

Question 5

Rights of the Accused

Answer 5

Right to a jury trial, protection against self-incrimination, and double jeopardy. 5-6 amendment

Question 6

Due Process

Answer 6

Due process means that a citizen must be given advance notice of what the government will do and how the government’s action may deprive them of life, liberty, or property (kinda like Miranda rights)

Question 7

Exclusionary Rule

Answer 7

Prevents government from using evidence obtained illegally (Mapp v. Ohio)

Question 8

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 8

The government ruled that separate, but equal segregation in southern states did not violate the 14th amendment

Question 9

Civil Rights Act 1964

Answer 9

Prohibits discrimination against race, religion, and sex

Question 10

Voting Rights Act, 1965

Answer 10

Removed race based restrictions on voting

Question 11

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

Answer 11

Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education

Question 12

Affirmative Action

Answer 12

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment of members of some previously disadvantaged group.

Question 13

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Answer 13

King states the ideas of nonviolent direct action, exposes readers to the conditions endured by Black Americans, and defends his belief in the supremacy of moral law over an unjust legal code (CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE)

Question 14

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 14

Segregation in schools is in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment and it banned segregation

Question 15

Engel v. Vitale

Answer 15

The court ruled that school prayers were unconstitutional and violated the Establishment Clause and separation of Church and State

Question 16

Gideon v. Wainwright

Answer 16

Supreme Court ruled that the constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants who cannot afford lawyers

Question 17

Tinker v. Des Moines

Answer 17

The court found that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and school officials could not censor student speech unless it disrupted the educational process

Question 18

New York Times v. United States

Answer 18

Defended the First Amendment right of free press against prior restraint by Government

Question 19

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Answer 19

Prevented the state of Wisconsin from compelling the respondents to send their children to formal secondary school beyond the age of 14. AMISH

Question 20

Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (Affirmative Action)

Answer 20

The court stated that Harvard admissions were violating the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment due to students of color receiving better opportunities in college admissions

Question 21

19th Amendment

Answer 21

Granted women the right to vote in 1920