Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Scientific study of
- Cognition and emotion
- behavior
- individual differences
- mental processes
- observable mental life
A
Pyschology defined today
2
Q
What 3 components determines mental disorders?
A
- Subjectivity
- Social Construction
- Cultural values
3
Q
What are the 4 D’s?
A
Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
4
Q
Of the 4 D’s, what component strays from what we consider from the “norm”?
A
Deviance
5
Q
Of the 4 D’s, what component causes the individual discomfort?
A
Distress
6
Q
Of the 4 D’s, what component interferes with many aspects of their life?
A
Dysfunction
7
Q
Of the 4 D’s, what component refers to harm to self, not necessarily others?
A
Danger
8
Q
Personality disorders are characterized by lack of which of the 4 D’s?
A
Distress
9
Q
Which of the 4 D’s must be met for a mental illness criteria?
A
Dysfunction
10
Q
Our idea of what constitues “normal” from “abnormal” behavior is shaped by our culture. We must be aware of cultural values to better understand mental illness.
A
cultural relativism
11
Q
How have we historically tried to understand psychology?
A
- Supernatural - demonic possession
- Biological - “somatogenesis” (bodily fluid)
- the Mind - Psychogenesis
12
Q
How was psychological conditions treated when the understanding was “supernatural”?
A
Trephination - drilling holes in the skull to allow demons to escape
13
Q
How was psychological conditions treated when the understanding was “biological”?
A
based on Hippocrates theory of bodily fluid using the “four humors” (color of the fluid).
14
Q
A Dutch physician from the 16th century whom coined the term “mental illness”.
A
Johann Weyer
15
Q
The understanding of which disease, in the 19th century, propelled current thought about the biological view of mental illness?
a. Syphilis
b. Yellow fever
c. Influenza
d. Fibromyalgia
A
a. Syphilis
16
Q
who promoted the idea that suffering is the result of mental activity well before Sigmund Freud?
A
Buddha
17
Q
How have we historically attempted to “treat” mental illness?
A
- Lunatic asylum - 15th-16th century
- State/Public hospitals - later in the US
- Antipsychotics - 1950s
18
Q
who ordered the unchaining of asylum patients at the “Paris Asylum for Insane Women” (1795) and is known as the father of modern psychology by attempting to creating a diagnostic system for various mental illness?
A
Phillipe Pinel
19
Q
Who lobbied for moral treatment in the US during the 19th century and established approx 40 hospitals during her time?
A
Dorothea Dix
20
Q
what year was the DSM (I) first ever published?
A
1952
21
Q
What were the controversies of the first DSM published in 1952?
A
Reliability was poor
Included comments (from Freud) on etiology such as “psychoanalytic ‘reactions’” or defense mechanisms
Did not include childhood disorders (autism, ADHD, etc.)
Homosexuality was classified as a “sexual deviation” disorder included in the sociopathic umbrella
22
Q
What year was the DSM II published?
A
1968
23
Q
What was added to DSM II that was not in DSM I?
A
Homosexuality was declassified as it’s own disorder but was replaced with its own code “individuals distressed with their own sexual practices”
Childood B disorder included using terms “retardation”
24
Q
What year was the DSM III published?
A
1980
25
What was new about the DSM III?
Improved specificity and reliability
Acknowledgement of culture
"Atheoretical" - limited imperical evidence for disorders
26
What year was the International classification of diseases (ICD-10) published?
1993
27
What does the ICD-10 include?
physical and mental codes used by a majority of a the world
28
What year was the DSM-IV published?
1994
29
What is important about the ICD-10 and DSM-IV?
The first attempt at syncing mental health codes.
Goal of a worldwide system of nosology for mental health codes
30
Who uses ICD-10?
majority of the world
31
Who uses the DSM version?
US
32
What year was the DSM-V published?
2013
33
What revisions does the DSM-V include?
many updates including
- changed "mental retardation" to Intellectual disability
-reorganized Autism Spectrum Disorder to be more encompassing
-revised ADHD to exhibit symptoms to before Age 13 (instead of 7)
-included Gambling disorder
-Homosexuality verbiage was removed completely
34
What are benefits, or pros, of the DSM?
-Standardization of language and criteria
- reliability
-direction for treatment
-validation
35
What are drawbacks, or cons, of the DSM?
-stigmatization
-pathologizing (or scary)
-reliance on medical model
-no universal idea of mental health
36
What are some of the cultural barriers you can think of considering mental health care?
-Stigma
-discrimination
-lack of cultural compentency
-language barriers
-financial constraints
37
Symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.
9 types listed in the Appendix of DSM-5
providers in the US can't actually diagnose these
Culture-Bound Syndromes
38
Is poverty related to risk for mental illness?
yes, poverty is the biggest risk factor
39
What factors (mediators) might explain the relationship of mental illness and poverty?
Insecurity: conditions of living in poverty create instability/lack of safety
Shame: fear of judgement or having internal embarrassment of life circumstances
Comorbidity: when 2 experiences co-occur together (e.g. poverty and malnutrition)
Social Change: isolation or loneliness
Hopelessness
40
What are the two theories that explain the directionality between Mental Illness and Poverty?
Social causation theory: the conditions of poverty precede mental illness
Downward drift theory: Mental illness precedes the "drift" into lower SES.
41
What comes first: Mental illness or poverty?
It's complicated and bidirectional in nature
42
Which indicator of poverty was most consistently related to mental disorders?
a. low income
b. lack of material possessions
c. lack of employment
d. housing difficulties
e. low education levels
e. low education levels
43
What is prevention and what did the article about the manitoba study recommend?
Interventions that prevent something (poverty and mental illness) occurring.
Education as a primary prevention
44
What prevention level?
approaches that take place before violence has occured to prevent initial perpetration or victimization.
primary prevention
45
What prevention level?
immediate responses after violence has occured to deal with the short-term consequences of violence
secondary prevention
46
Why might education be primary prevention?
-access/knowledge of resources
-basic needs being met (school programs)
-social connections
-instilling hope
47
What is the impact of intelligence on mental illness?
Lower cognitive reserve (IQ) is a risk factor for depression and anxiety and schizophrenia
Higher childhood IQ is a risk factor of mania
48
mental abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment
Intelligence
49
the way that intelligence has been operationalized and can be measured
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
50
What are some historic critiques of IQ?
validity
cultural applicability
misuse
51
How is IQ measured?
by measuring performance tasks and verbal tasks
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
52
Could intelligence, as measure by IQ tests like with WISC, be predictive of adult mental disorders?
Low IQ can be predictive of Depression and Anxiety
High IQ can be predictive of Mania
53
Would intelligence be a protective factor against mental disorders?
Yes for some, High IQ decreases risk of having certain mental illness
54
Individual differences in brain structure (e.g. density of neuronal synapses) and function (e.g., processing efficiency) thought to buffer the effect of neuropathology"
Cognitive reserve
55
How was cognitive reserve measured in the 'Childhood IQ and Adult mental disorders' study?
the WISC
56
What are confounders (variables that could be considered prior causes) common to both low IQ and adult mental disorder?
SES*
perinatal insult
low birth weight
maltreatment
57
IQ at or below ___ defines intellectual disability.
55
58
Which of the confounding variables were most strongly predicted (or correlated with) IQ?
A. SES
B. Perinatal insult
C. Low birthweight
D. Maltreatment
SES
59
How might we measure personality?
Type approach: Myers’s Brig Type Inventory
Trait: Big 5 - OCEAN (empirically supported)
60
Ones characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Personality
61
Is personality heritable?
Yes, kind of. Heritability estimate tells us how much variation a certain trait is impacted from genetics or environment. Between .42 and .57 for big five traits. Nature and nurture.
Low HE: more environment based (agreeableness)
High HE: more genetic based (openness to experience)
62
Is personality stable?
Yes, kind of. Not so much in childhood, but increasingly so overtime.
63
Is personality predictive?
Yes, kind of. More extreme scores are lead to better predictions.
There are infinite shades of personality making predictability difficult.
64
do those who score high on E or low on E react more strongly to sensory stimuli?
Low on E react more strongly because they are already stimulated.
65
Is personality related to mental health?
yes, kind of. 4 models explore the relationship between personality and specifically risk.
1. Spectrum Model:
2. Vulerability-Predisposition Model A-C
66
model that explains comorbidity between anxiety and neuroticism.
Spectrum model
67
model that explains certain genes (high neuroticism as a kid) make you vulnerable to predisposition to anxiety.
Vulnerability-Predisposition Model A
68
model that explains Neuroticism and stress lead to anxiety. in other words, genetic predisposition of anxiety emerges after being exposed to stress.
- (Diathesis Stress model)
Vulnerability-Predisposition Model B
69
model that argues neuroticism leads you to put yourself to experience stressors in life.
Vulnerability-Predisposition Model C
70
What are early protective factors that reduce risk of psychopathology?
easy temperament
good emotional self-regulation
social skills
71
Disorders that are defined as "inflexible and eduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning."
Personality disorders
72
What are the 3 different categories or "clusters" of personality disorders?
Cluster A: Odd/eccentric
Cluster B: Dramatic/impulsive
Cluster C: Withdrawn/Anxious
73
Gender-based differences may emanate from a _____ perspective.
a. biomedical
b. psychosocial
c. epidemiological
d. global
e. all of the above.
e. all of the above.
74
Why does gender matter?
1. Providers guidance to the mental healthcare system, such as public policy
2. Improves understanding of mental health problems, while informing decisions/treatment
3. overlooking gender-based differences or gender bias could have drastic consequences.
75
Gender stereotypes reinforce _____ and constrain _____.
reinforce social stigma and constrain help-seeking.
76
What are disorder rates that are typically higher in boys/men?
Gambling
Autism
Substance Use
ADHD
Conduct Disorder
antisocial PD
77
What are some barrriers women experiences globally with accessing to mental health?
privacy concerns
lack of access
misdiagnosed concerns
78
What are some barrriers men experiences in the US with accessing to mental health?
less likely to seek treatment.
79
What are disorder rates that are typically higher in women?
Depression
Eating Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Suicidal behavior
Mood disorders
80
What are disorder rates that are mostly equal between men and girls/women?
Schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
OCD
81
What are common patterns regarding internalizing/externalizing symptoms between men and women.
women often experience more internalizing symptoms, while men experience externalizing symptoms.
82
Transgender and non-binary folks often experience trauma and discrimination, which can result in _______.
Mental Illness
83
Homosexuality used to be condsidered a mentall disorder in the DSM until what year?
1973
84
What is a required diagnoses for those seeking gender-affirming surgery?
Gender dysphoria
85
what risks does diagnoses that have biases towards certain genders have?
Over pathologizing certain groups
misdiagnosing others
86
What personality disorder does the following concerns align with?
potential gender/sex bias (women 2-9x more likely)
vagueness of criteria
significant overlap with other PDs
danger of overuse
heavily apathologized
most people have extensive/complex trauma history, especially sexual abuse
Borderline Personality Disorder
87
In the "Sex Bias in the Diagnosis of BPD and PTSD" article, what was the method used in the study?
Social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists were asked to assess a case tailored to include symptoms of both PTSD and BPD. Half received a "male" case, half received a "female" case.
88
In the "Sex Bias in the Diagnosis of BPD and PTSD" article, what were the results in the study and did it vary based on clinician demographics?
"Female" cases were significantly more likely to receive BPD diagnosis than "male" cases.
Doctors were less likely to diagnose PTSD
Younger clinicians and clinicians with more experience were more likely to diagnose BPD.
89
Is it that more women do have BPD or is it that this group may be overdiagnosed due to stereotypes and biases?
Reasons to believe both are true. Maybe more women do have BPD, but clinicians are overdiagnosing as well.
90
Is BPD actually just cPTSD?
Still an ongoing dilemma and discussion in the Psychology field.
91
Which of the Big 5 personality traits is predictive of goosebumps?
Openness
92
In the article Poverty and Common Mental Disorders, the authors identified one indicator of poverty that was most consistently linked to mental illness. What was it?
Low education levels
93
Do people with schizophrenia have better outcomes in Western countries (e.g. US), or in non-Western countries (e.g., Zanzibar)? Explain one reason for this.
People with schizophrenia have better outcomes in non-Western countries. This may be due to their spiritual/religious interpretations, the community/family tolerance, etc.
94
What is a mediator variable?
A variable that explains the relationship between other variables
95
Which DSM diagnosis has been critiqued for being gender biased towards young males?
ADHD
