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Higher biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is food security?

A

the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

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2
Q

how can you increase food production?

A

breed at higher yielding cultivators
fertilisers
protecting crops from pests, disease and competition

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3
Q

plant crop examples

A

cereals
potatoes
roots
legumes

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4
Q

desirable characteristics breeders seek

A

high nutritional value
resistance to pests/disease
physical characteristics suited to harvesting
those that can thrive in particular conditions

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5
Q

what can plants do with light?

A

absorbed
reflected
transmitted

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6
Q

what are the uses of light energy absorbed?

A

generate ATP
produce hydrogen
split water
excite electrons
pump H+ across membrane

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7
Q

visible light

A

each colour has a different wavelength

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8
Q

types of photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll A
chlorophyll B
Carotenoids (Xanthophyll and Carotene)

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9
Q

chlorophyll A absorption

A

red and blue

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10
Q

chlorophyll B absorption

A

red and blue

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11
Q

carotenoids absorption

A

yellow and green

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12
Q

absorption spectra

A

shows the absorption of each photosynthetic pigment at different wavelengths of light

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13
Q

action spectra

A

shows the rate of photosynthesis at each wavelengths of light by the plant

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14
Q

advantage of carotenoids

A

extends the range of wavelengths that a plant can use for photosynthesis

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15
Q

how is light energy absorbed?

A

through chlorophyll

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16
Q

what do the excited electrons do?

A

provides the energy for pumping hydrogen ions across the membrane

splits water into hydrogen and water

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17
Q

what do hydrogen ions do in photolysis

A

pump through ATP synthase to make ATP

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18
Q

how are hydrogen ions passed onto carbon fixation?

A

by NADP in the form of NADPH

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19
Q

products of photolysis

A

oxygen
ATP
NADPH

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20
Q

where does carbon fixation occur?

A

stroma

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21
Q

where does photolysis occur

A

granum

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22
Q

what enzyme combines CO2 and RuBP?

A

RuBisCo

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23
Q

what does RuBisCo do?

A

combines CO2 and RuBP

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24
Q

what do CO2 and RuBP form?

A

3GP

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25
Q

what happens to 3GP?

A

phosphorylated by ATP and combes with hydrogen to form NADPH
this makes G3P

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26
Q

what is phosphorylated in carbon fixation?

A

3PG

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27
Q

how is G3P made?

A

by 3PG getting phosphorylated and combining with hydrogen to form NADPH

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28
Q

what is G3P used for?

A

regenerate RuBp and used to synthesise glucose

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29
Q

uses of glucose

A

respiration
storage
structure
biosynthesis pathways

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30
Q

how is glucose used in respiration?

A

as a substrate or to provide energy

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31
Q

how is glucose used for storage?

A

carbohydrate starch

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32
Q

how is glucose used for structure?

A

carbohydrate cellulose

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33
Q

desirable characteristics in crops and animals

A

high yields
high nutritional value
pest and disease resistance
ability to thrive in particular environments

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34
Q

why are plant field trials carried out?

A

carried out in a range of environments to compare the performance of different cultivars and evaluate GM crops

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35
Q

what must be considered when designing a field trial?

A

selection of treatments
number of replicates
randomisation of treatments

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36
Q

what does selection of treatments do?

A

ensures a valid comparison
(shows cultivar has caused changed)

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37
Q

what does number of replicates do?

A

increases reliability
takes account of variability

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38
Q

what does randomisation of treatments do?

A

eliminates bias when measuring effects

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39
Q

what is true breeding?

A

both homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
you always know which allele is passed on

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40
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

relatives are bred (for several generations)

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41
Q

positive effect of inbreeding?

A

population then breeds true due to the elimination of heterozygotes

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42
Q

when is inbreeding naturally occuring?

A

in some species of self-pollinating plants (peas, wheat, rice)

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43
Q

what is a negative consequence of inbreeding?

A

inbreeding depression

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44
Q

effects of inbreeding depression?

A

increase in the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for recessive deleterious alleles
individuals less likely to survive to reproduce

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45
Q

how are self-pollinating plants less susceptible to inbreeding depression?

A

natural selection over time can eliminate the deleterious alleles

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46
Q

what is cross breeding?

A

breeding different breeds together

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47
Q

what does cross breeding produce?

A

an F1 hybrid

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48
Q

what does cross breeding allow?

A

new alleles to be introduced

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49
Q

F1 hybrid traits

A

improved characteristics
heterozygous
hybrid vigour

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50
Q

what is hybrid vigour?

A

increase in vigour, yield, fertility
poor recessive genes are masked by superior dominant genes

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51
Q

when does hybrid vigour occur?

A

when crossbreeding occurs

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52
Q

what does a plant with an increased hybrid vigour show?

A

increased disease resistance
increased growth rate

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53
Q

why are F1 hybrids not bred together?

A

F2 generation show too much variation
so parents are maintained

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54
Q

what is a test cross used for?

A

a cross between an organism with an unknown genotype for a trait and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait

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55
Q

what does a test cross allow?

A

to determine the genetic makeup for the unknown organism

56
Q

what is used in genetic technology?

A

genome sequencing
recombinant DNA technology

57
Q

what does genomic sequencing do in genetic technology?

A

organisms with desirable genes can be identified then used to be bred

58
Q

what does recombinant DNA technology do in genetic technology?

A

crop plants can be genetically modified

59
Q

weed types

A

annual
perennial

60
Q

annual weed characteristics

A

produce vast number of seeds
seeds viable for a long time
grow quickly
short life cycle

61
Q

perennial weed characteristics

A

reproduce asexually
are already established in the habitat
have storage organs to provide food during poor conditions

62
Q

types of pests to crop plants

A

insects
nematode worms
molluscs

63
Q

how do pests destroy plants?

A

eat the leaves which reduces the plants ability to carry out photosynthesis
they can also be a vector for a disease which can damage the crop

64
Q

plant disease examples

A

fungi
bacteria
viruses

65
Q

cultural means of crop protection

A

weeding
ploughing
crop rotation
(non-chemical control)

66
Q

chemical means of crop protection

A

herbicides
fungicides
insecticides
molluscicides
nematicides
(use of pesticides when cultural means fail)

67
Q

two ways to protect a crop

A

cultural means
chemical means

68
Q

types of herbicides

A

selective
systemic

69
Q

selective herbicide

A

broad leaf plants
speeds up metabolism and they use up their food reserves and die

70
Q

systemic herbicide

A

destroys whole plant and roots to prevent regrowth

71
Q

pesticide characteristics

A

specific to pest
short life
safe for humans and animals

72
Q

pesticide problems

A

toxic to non-target species
persist in environment
produce resistant population of pests
bioaccumulation in organisms
biomagnification in food chains

73
Q

what is bioaccumulation?

A

built up of a chemical in an organism

74
Q

what is biomagnification?

A

the increase in the concentration of a chemical moving between trophic levels

75
Q

what is a biological control?

A

control of a pest population through:
predator
parasite
pathogen

76
Q

negative to biological controls?

A

if an escape occurs into environment which it is free from predators, their number can rapidly increase and infect local population

77
Q

what is integrated pest management

A

a combination of chemical, biological and cultural control

78
Q

what does providing livestock with good environmental conditions involve?

A

costs
benefits
ethics

79
Q

what is intensive farming

A

less ethical
conditions cost effective
generates higher profits as costs are lower

80
Q

what is free range farming?

A

requires more land
labour intensive
sold at a higher price
animals have better quality of life

81
Q

why are unstressed animals beneficial?

A

grow better
breed more successfully
generate higher quality of products

82
Q

indicators of poor animal welfare

A

stereotypy
misdirected behaviour
failure in sexual or parental behaviour
altered levels of activity

83
Q

what is stereotypy?

A

pattern of repetitive behaviour
pacing
tongue rolling

84
Q

what is misdirected behaviour?

A

animal inappropriately direct its attention

chicken plucking their own/others feathers

85
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

co-evolved intimate relationship between two species

86
Q

what are the two types of symbiosis?

A

parasitism
mutualism

87
Q

what is a parasite relationship?

A

the parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients whereas the host is harmed by the loss of these resources

88
Q

how can parasites be transmitted?

A

direct contact
release of resistant stages
use of a vector

89
Q

parasite release of resistant stages

A

its able to survive in adverse conditions until they come into with a new host

90
Q

parasite use of a vector

A

passed through a another species such as an insect before in contact with the host

91
Q

what does the parasitic life cycle involve?

A

intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle

92
Q

benefits to intermediate hosts for a parasite

A

increased transmission

93
Q

what is a mutualistic relationship?

A

both organisms benefit from an interdependent relationship

94
Q

why do animals live in social groups?

A

protection
finding mates
easier to catch food
help when raising young

95
Q

what behaviours do animals living in social groups have?

A

social hierarchy
cooperative hunting
social defence

96
Q

what is social hierarchy?

A

found in large social groups where animals are ranked as a result of aggressive behaviour

97
Q

what behaviours do dominant individuals show?

A

ritualistic threat displays

98
Q

what behaviours do subordinate individuals show?

A

submissive appeasement behaviours

99
Q

why do subordinate individuals behave the way they do?

A

to reduce conflict

100
Q

advantages to cooperative hunting

A

gain more food than alone
less energy used so more energy gained
larger prey can be caught
increased chance of success
all members get a share

101
Q

advantages of a social hierarchy

A

increased chances of dominant animals favourable alleles being passed onto offspring
animals often form alliances to increase status

102
Q

what is social defence?

A

offers protection from predators while others eat and increases chances of surviving

103
Q

what is cooperative hunting?

A

predatory mammals often hunt together as groups to increase hunting success

104
Q

what is altruism?

A

unselfish behaviour which is harmful to donor and beneficial to recipient

105
Q

types of altruism?

A

reciprocal
kin selection

106
Q

what is reciprocal altruism?

A

one animal giving help to another in the prospect of the favour being returned

107
Q

what is kin selection altruism?

A

the donor will benefit through the increased chances of survival of shared genes in the recipients offspring
occurs in close relatives

108
Q

what are social insects?

A

have complex social behaviours where labour exists and workers show extreme altruism

109
Q

examples of social insects

A

bees
wasps
ants
termites

110
Q

what type of altruism do social insects show?

A

kin selection

111
Q

what do social members do?

A

raise relatives
collect food and pollen
defend the hive

112
Q

what do fertile individuals do?

A

carry out reproduction

113
Q

what types of social insects are there?

A

sterile
fertile

114
Q

what are primates and give examples?

A

group of placental mammals
humans
monkeys
apes
lemurs

115
Q

why do primates do parental care?

A

allows them to develop complex social behaviours

116
Q

examples of complex social behaviours in primates

A

communication
skills
play/social interaction
cooperation/sharing

117
Q

components of biodiversity

A

genetic
species
ecosystem

118
Q

genetic diversity

A

the number and frequency of alleles within a population

119
Q

if a population of a species dies out then what would happen to its genetic diversity?

A

limit its ability to adapt to changing conditions

120
Q

what is species diversity composed of?

A

species richness
relative abundance

121
Q

what is species richness?

A

number of different species in an ecosystem

122
Q

what is relative abundance?

A

the proportion of each species in the ecosystem

123
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

the number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area

124
Q

what is overexploitation?

A

resources are consumed at a faster rate than they can be replaced

125
Q

effects of overexploitation

A

reduces the numbers in a population
reduces the genetic diversity of that population

126
Q

what is the bottleneck effect?

A

evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population is killed off or otherwise prevented from reproducing

127
Q

effect of the bottleneck effect

A

small populations may lose genetic variation

128
Q

what is habitat fragmentation?

A

new habitat much smaller than the previous due to a geological process or human activity

129
Q

what can degradation of edges cause to a habitat?

A

increased competition
decrease in biodiversity
lower species diversity

130
Q

what are habitat corridors?

A

pathways of natural habitat which allow movement of animals between fragments

131
Q

advantages to habitat corridors

A

increase access to food and choice of mate
lead to recolonisation of smaller fragments

132
Q

introduced species

A

species that humans have moved to new geographical locations

133
Q

naturalised species

A

species that become established within wild communities

134
Q

invasive species

A

spread rapidly and eliminate native species reducing species diversity

135
Q

why are invasive species able to spread rapidly?

A

a lack of:
predators
parasites
pathogens
competitors
that would normally limit their population

136
Q

what can invasive species do to native species?

A

prey on them and out compete for resources
hybridise with them

137
Q
A

Higher biology (3 decks)

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