Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Aerobic bacteria
A
microorganisms that require oxygen to live
2
Q
Anaerobic bacteria
A
microorganisms that exist without oxygen
3
Q
Antimicrobial agents
A
are chemicals that destroy or suppress the growth of infectious microorganisms
4
Q
Antiseptics
A
chemicals such as alcohol that inhibit the growth of, but do not kill, microorganisms
5
Q
Asepsis
A
practices that decrease or eliminate infectious agents, their reservoirs, and vehicles for transmission
6
Q
aseptic techniques
A
measures that reduce or eliminate microorganisms
7
Q
biologic defense mechanisms
A
anatomic or physiologic methods that stop microorganisms from causing an infectious disorder
8
Q
broad-spectrum antibiotics
A
those prescribed to eliminate a wide range of bacteria
9
Q
Carriers
A
asymptomatic clients or animals who harbor pathogens but do not show evidence of an infectious disease
10
Q
chain of infection
A
the sequence that enables the spread of disease-producing microorganisms
11
Q
communicable diseases
A
diseases that can be transmitted to other people
12
Q
Community-acquired infections
A
infections that are not present or incubating prior to care provided by health care
13
Q
Concurrent disinfection
A
measures that keep the client environment clean on a daily basis
14
Q
Contagious diseases
A
diseases that can spread rapidly among individuals in close proximity to each other
15
Q
Disinfectants
A
chemicals that destroy active microorganisms but not spores
16
Q
exit route
A
is how microorganisms escape from the original reservoir
17
Q
fomites.
A
Nonliving reservoirs are called…
18
Q
Hand antisepsis
A
means the removal and destruction of transient microorganisms without soap and water. It involves products such as alcohol-based liquids, thick gels, and foams
19
Q
Hand hygiene
A
refers to removing surface contaminants on the skin by either hand washing or hand antisepsis
20
Q
Hand washing
A
is a medical aseptic practice that involves cleaning the hands with soap, water, and friction to mechanically remove dirt and organic substances
21
Q
health care–associated infections
A
infections acquired while a person is receiving care in a health care agency
22
Q
means of transmission
A
is how infectious microorganisms move to other locations.
contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector
23
Q
Medical asepsis
A
practices that confine or reduce the numbers of microorganisms
24
Q
Microorganisms
A
living animals or plants visible only through a microscope, are commonly called “microbes” or “germs
25
Nonpathogens
normal flora (harmless, beneficial microorganisms
26
opportunistic infections
infectious disorders among people with compromised health
27
pathogens
microorganisms that cause illness
28
portal of entry
is where microorganisms find their way onto or into a new host
29
reservoir
is a place where microbes grow and reproduce, providing a haven for their survival
30
resident microorganisms
generally, nonpathogens constantly present on the skin
31
spore
is a temporarily inactive microbial life form that can resist heat and destructive chemicals and can survive without moisture
32
Sterile field
work area free of microorganisms
33
Sterile techniques
include practices that avoid contaminating microbe-free items
34
Sterilization
consists of physical and chemical techniques that destroy all microorganisms, including spores
35
Surgical asepsis
refers to those measures that render supplies and equipment totally free of microorganisms
36
Surgical hand antisepsis
previously referred to as a surgical scrub, is a medically aseptic hand hygiene procedure that is performed before donning sterile gloves and garments when the nurse is actively involved in an operative or obstetric procedure
37
susceptible host
the last link in the chain of infection, is one whose biologic defense mechanisms are weakened in some way
38
Terminal disinfection
is more thorough than concurrent disinfection and consists of measures used to clean a client’s environment after discharge
39
transient microorganisms
pathogens picked up during brief contact with contaminated reservoirs
40
viral load
the number of viral copies
41
Viral replication
multiplication or copying of viruses
42
virulence
the ability to overcome the immune system
43
Airborne precautions
infection control measures that reduce the risk for transmitting pathogens that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air
44
colonization
a condition in which microorganisms are present, but the host does not manifest any signs or symptoms of infection
45
communicable diseases
when they are transmitted from one source to another by infectious bacteria or viral organisms
46
community-acquired infections
those that are not present or incubating prior to care provided by health care providers
47
Contact precautions
are measures used to block the transmission of pathogens by direct or indirect contact
48
Contagious diseases
are communicable diseases that can spread rapidly among individuals in close proximity to each other
49
Double bagging
is an infection control measure in which one bag of contaminated items, such as trash or laundry, is placed within another
50
Droplet precautions
measures that block transmission of infectious pathogens within moist droplets larger than 5 microns that are present in respiratory secretions or mucous membranes
51
health care–associated infections (HCAIs)
that are acquired within a health care facility
52
hyperendemic infections
infections that are highly infectious in all age groups
53
Infection
is a condition that results when microorganisms cause injury to a host
54
Infection control precautions
are physical measures designed to curtail the spread of infectious diseases
55
Infectious diseases
are spread by pathogens or toxins among susceptible individuals
56
N95 respirator
which is individually fitted for each caregiver, can filter particles 1 micron (smaller than a millimeter) with an efficiency of 95% or more, provided the device fits the face snugly
57
personal protective equipment (PPE)
like garments that block the transfer of pathogens from one person, place, or object to oneself or others; and safe injection practices
58
powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)
is an alternative if a caregiver has not been fitted with an N95 respirator or has facial hair or a facial deformity that prevents a tight seal with an N95 respirator
59
Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
refers to infection control measures used at the first point of an encounter with clients, family, or friends of persons with signs of illness suggesting an undiagnosed transmissible respiratory infection
60
Safe injection practices
infection control measures that prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens through the use of aseptic techniques involving the preparation and administration of parenteral medications
61
Standard precautions
infection control measures for reducing the risk of transmission among all clients, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status
62
Transmission-based precautions
measures for controlling the spread of highly transmissible or epidemiologically important infectious agents from clients when the known or suspected route(s) of transmission is (are) not completely interrupted using standard precautions alone
63
24-hour specimen
a collection of all urine produced in a full 24-hour period
64
Anuria
means the absence of urine or a volume of 100 mL or less in 24 hours
65
bedpan
a seat-like container for elimination
66
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)
infections acquired by those with indwelling urinary catheters, especially with those that are in place for a prolonged period of time
67
Catheter care
hygiene measures used to keep the meatus and adjacent area of the catheter clean
68
Catheter irrigation
flushing the lumen of a catheter
69
Catheterization
the act of applying or inserting a hollow tube
70
clean-catch specimen
is a voided sample of urine considered sterile and is sometimes called a midstream specimen because of the way it is collected
71
closed drainage system
a device used to collect urine from a catheter
72
commode
a chair with an opening in the seat under which a receptacle is placed
73
Continence training
to restore the control of urination involves teaching the client to refrain from urinating until an appropriate time and place
74
Continuous irrigation
the ongoing instillation of solution
75
Credé maneuver
act of bending forward and applying hand pressure over the bladder to stimulate urination
76
Cutaneous triggering
the act of lightly massaging or tapping the skin above the pubic area to stimulate urination
77
Dysuria
is difficult or uncomfortable voiding and a common symptom of trauma to the urethra or a bladder infection
78
external catheter
also known as a condom catheter (a urine-collecting device applied to the skin
79
Fenestrated drape
one with an open circle at its center
80
Frequency
the need to urinate often
81
Incontinence
is the inability to control either urinary or bowel elimination and is abnormal after a person has achieved earlier continence
82
Nocturia
nighttime urination
83
Oliguria
urine output less than 400 mL in 24 hours, indicates the inadequate elimination of urine
84
pelvic floor muscle exercises
(Kegel exercises), which are isometric exercises to improve the ability to retain urine within the bladder; Pelvic floor muscle exercises strengthen and tone the pubococcygeal and levator ani muscles used voluntarily to hold back urine and intestinal gas or stool
85
peristomal skin
the skin around the stoma
86
Polyuria
means greater-than-normal urinary elimination and may accompany minor dietary variations
87
Residual urine
or more than 50 mL of urine that remains in the bladder after voiding, can support the growth of microorganisms, leading to infection
88
stasis
a lack of movement
89
straight catheter
is a urine drainage tube inserted but not left in place. It drains urine temporarily or provides a sterile urine specimen
90
urgency
a strong feeling that urine must be eliminated quickly
91
urinal
is a cylindrical container for collecting urine. It is more easily used by males
92
urinary diversion
one or both ureters are surgically implanted elsewhere
93
Urinary elimination
the process of releasing excess fluid and metabolic wastes
94
urinary retention
in which the client produces urine but does not release it from the bladder
95
urine
fluid within the bladder
96
urostomy
a urinary diversion that discharges urine from an opening on the abdomen
97
voided specimen
is a sample of fresh urine collected in a clean container
98
voiding reflex
the spontaneous relaxation of the urinary sphincter in response to physical stimulation
99
cystectomy
surgical removal of part of the bladder
100
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
101
cystolitholapaxy
Procedure by which bladder stones are removed through the transurethral route using a stone-crushing instrument (lithotrite). This procedure is suitable for small and soft stones and is performed under general anesthesia
102
cystostomy
temporary or permanent creation of an opening into the bladder to allow drainage of urine
103
diverticulum
weakening and outpouching of the bladder wall
104
fulguration
removal of small, superficial bladder tumors through coagulation with a transurethral resectoscope
105
incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine
106
interstitial cystitis
painful bladder syndrome (PBS) is a chronic inflammation of the bladder mucosa, causing pain in the bladder and surrounding pelvic region
107
neurogenic bladder
a bladder that does not receive adequate nerve stimulation
108
residual urine
urine retained in the bladder after the client voids
109
retention
is the inability to urinate or effectively empty the bladder
110
stricture
narrowing
111
suprapubic cystostomy tube
a catheter inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the bladder
112
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
113
urethroplasty
surgical repair of the urethra
114
urinary diversion
redirection of urine either to an external or an internal collecting system
115
Urosepsis
serious systemic infection from microorganisms in the urinary tract that invade the bloodstream
116
Acupressure
is a technique that involves tissue compression rather than needles to reduce pain
117
Acupuncture
is a pain management technique in which long, thin needles are inserted into the skin at precise points
118
Acute pain
discomfort that has a short duration
119
adjuvants
drugs that assist in accomplishing the desired effect of a primary drug
120
analgesic
a pain-relieving drug
121
biofeedback
a client learns to control or alter a physiologic phenomenon as an adjunct to traditional pain management
122
bolus or loading dose
a larger dose of drug administered initially or when pain is exceptionally intense
123
chronic pain
discomfort that lasts longer than 6 months
124
complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapy
methods used in addition to conventional medical treatment, known as integrative medicine
125
controlled substances
drugs that have prescription and dispensing that are regulated by federal law because they have the potential for being abused
126
Cordotomy
refers to the interruption of pain pathways in the spinal cord. The surgical procedure in which bundles of nerves are severed has all but been replaced by a percutaneous approach in the area of cervical vertebrae
127
Cutaneous pain
discomfort that originates at the skin level, is a commonly experienced sensation resulting from some form of trauma
128
Distraction
is the intentional diversion of attention to switch the person’s focus from an unpleasant sensory experience to one that is neutral or more pleasant
129
endogenous opioids
endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins (or exogenous opioids like morphine)—that modulate pain. can bind with neurotransmitters
130
equianalgesic dose
an oral dose that provides the same level of pain relief as a parenteral dose
131
fifth vital sign
check and document the client’s pain every time he or she assesses the client’s other vital signs
132
Hypnosis
is a therapeutic technique in which a person enters a trance-like state resulting in an alteration in perception and memory
133
Imagery
means using the mind to visualize an experience and sometimes is referred to as intentional daydreaming
134
Intractable pain
pain unresponsive to other methods of pain management
135
Intraspinal analgesia
is a method of relieving pain by instilling an opioid or local anesthetic through a catheter into the subarachnoid or epidural space of the spinal cord
136
lockout
Once a dose is delivered, the client cannot administer another dose for a specified amount of time; this period, known as a lockout
137
malingerer
someone who pretends to be sick or in pain
138
Meditation
involves concentrating on a word or idea that promotes tranquility or often the breath
139
Modulation
is the last phase of pain impulse transmission during which the brain interacts with the spinal nerves in a downward fashion to subsequently alter the pain experience
140
Neuropathic pain
is often described as a shooting or burning pain. Phantom limb
141
neuropeptides
noxious chemicals released from damaged tissue, such as substance P, serotonin, histamine, and arachidonic acid, which is metabolized into prostaglandin, acetylcholine, and others
142
nociceptors
sensory nerve receptors activated by around 20 neuropeptides. Nociceptors are located throughout the skin, bones, joints, muscles, and internal organs
143
Nonopioids
nonnarcotic drugs
144
Opioids
narcotic drugs; synthetic narcotics
145
Pain
is an unpleasant sensation usually associated with disease or injury
146
Pain management
techniques for preventing, reducing, or relieving pain
147
pain threshold
the point at which sufficient pain-transmitting stimuli reach the brain
148
Pain tolerance
the amount of pain a person endures
149
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
is an intervention that allows clients to self-administer opioid pain medication through use of an infusion device
150
Perception
the conscious experience of discomfort
151
percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS)
a pain management technique involving a combination of acupuncture needles and Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
152
placebo
is an inactive substance or treatment used as a substitute for an analgesic drug or conventional therapeutic measure
153
Referred pain
discomfort perceived in a general area of the body, usually away from the site of stimulation
154
Relaxation
is a technique for releasing muscle tension and quieting the mind, which helps reduce pain, relieve anxiety,
and promote a sense of well-being.
155
Rhizotomy
refers to the surgical sectioning of a nerve root close to the spinal cord. This prevents sensory impulses from entering the spinal cord and traveling to the brain
156
Somatic pain
discomfort generated from deeper connective tissue) develops from injury to structures such as muscles, tendons, and joints
157
suffering
which is the emotional component of pain
158
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
a medically prescribed pain management technique that delivers bursts of electricity to the skin and underlying nerves, is an intervention nurses can implement
159
Transduction
refers to the conversion of chemical information at the cellular level into electrical impulses that move toward the spinal cord
160
Transmission
is the phase during which stimuli move from the peripheral nervous system toward the brain
161
Visceral pain
discomfort arising from internal organs
