Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Accommodation
A
the ability to constrict when looking at a near object and dilate when looking at an object in the distance
2
Q
Audiometry
A
measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies
3
Q
Auscultation
A
listening to body sounds
4
Q
A body systems approach
A
means assessing the client according to the functional systems of the body.
5
Q
Capillary refill time
A
the time it takes blood to resume flowing in the base of the nail beds
6
Q
Cerumen
A
a yellowish-brown, waxy secretion produced by glands within the ear
7
Q
consensual response
A
a brisk, equal, and simultaneous constriction of both pupils when one eye and then the other is stimulated with light
8
Q
drape
A
a sheet of soft cloth or paper
9
Q
Edema
A
is excessive fluid within tissue and signifies abnormal fluid distribution
10
Q
Extraocular movements
A
which are eye movements controlled by several pairs of eye muscles
11
Q
head-to-toe approach
A
means assessing the client from the top of the head down to the feet
12
Q
hearing acuity
A
the ability to hear and discriminate sound
13
Q
Inspection
A
purposeful observation
14
Q
Jaeger chart
A
a visual assessment tool with small print or newsprint with varying sizes of letters for near vision
15
Q
mental status assessment
A
a technique for determining the level of a client’s cognitive functioning
16
Q
ophthalmoscope
A
An instrument used to examine structures within the eye
17
Q
otoscope
A
An instrument used to examine the tympanic membrane, or eardrum.
18
Q
Palpation
A
involves lightly touching or applying pressure to the body
19
Q
Percussion
A
is striking or tapping a part of the client’s body with the fingertips to produce vibratory sounds
20
Q
PERRLA
A
pupils equally round and reactive to light and accommodation
21
Q
physical assessment
A
a systematic examination of body structures
22
Q
Rinne test
A
an assessment technique for comparing air versus bone conduction of sound
23
Q
Smelling acuity
A
the ability to smell and identify odors
24
Q
Snellen eye chart
A
a tool for assessing far vision
25
Turgor
the resiliency of the skin; fullness or lack thereof
26
Visual acuity
the ability to see both far and near
27
visual field examination
is the assessment of peripheral vision and continuity in the visual field
28
Weber test
an assessment technique for determining equality or disparity of bone-conducted sound
29
afebrile
no fever
30
afterload
the force against which the heart pumps when ejecting blood
31
antipyretics
such as aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen directly lower body temperature
32
apical heart rate
the number of ventricular contractions per minute
33
apical–radial rate
the number of sounds heard at the heart’s apex and the rate of the radial pulse during the same period
34
Apnea
the absence of breathing
35
arrhythmia or dysrhythmia
an irregular pattern of heartbeats
36
auscultatory gap
a period during which sound disappears during BP
37
automated monitoring devices
equipment that allows for the simultaneous collection of multiple data
38
baroreceptors
sensory nerves in the walls of large arteries. A baroreceptor’s function is to maintain arterial pressure
39
Blood pressure
is the force the blood exerts within the arteries
40
Bradycardia
less than 60 bpm
41
Bradypnea
a slower-than-normal respiratory rate at rest
42
brown adipose tissue (BAT).
contains brown adipocytes filled with mitochondria that raise body temperature by increasing metabolism. BAT is usually located near the neck, the chest, and upper back
43
Cardiac output
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
44
centigrade scale
a scale that uses 0°C as the temperature at which water freezes and 100°C as the point at which it boils
45
cerumen
ear wax
46
clinical thermometers
instruments used to measure body temperature
47
core temperature
warmth in deeper sites within the body like the brain and heart
48
diastolic pressure
pressure within the arterial system when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
49
Doppler stethoscope
helps detect sounds created by the velocity of blood moving through a blood vessel. The sounds of moving blood cells
50
drawdown effect
cooling of the ear when it comes in contact with the probe
51
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
52
Fahrenheit scale
a scale that uses 32°F as the temperature at which water freezes and 212°F as the point at which it boils
53
febrile
a condition in which the temperature is elevated
54
fever
body temperature that exceeds 99.3°F
55
frenulum
structure that attaches the underneath surface of the tongue to the fleshy portion of the mouth
56
Hypertension
high blood pressure
57
Hyperthermia
excessively high core temperature describes a state in which the temperature exceeds 105.8°F
58
Hyperventilation
rapid or deep breathing or both
59
Hypotension
low blood pressure
60
hypothalamus
a structure within the brain that helps control various metabolic activities
61
hypothermia
a core body temperature less than 95°F
62
hypoventilation
diminished breathing
63
Korotkoff sounds
sounds that result from the vibrations of blood within the arterial wall or changes in blood flow
64
metabolic rate
use of calories for sustaining body functions
65
offsets
Amount of money returned to the hospital for saving money on patient care.
66
Orthopnea
breathing facilitated by sitting up or standing
67
Postural or orthostatic hypotension
is a temporary drop in blood pressure when rising from a reclining position after 3 to 5 minutes of rest
68
palpitation
awareness of one’s own heart contraction
69
piloerection
the contraction of arrector pili muscles in skin follicles
70
preload
the volume of blood that fills the heart and stretches the heart muscle fibers during its resting phase
71
pulse
a wavelike sensation that can be palpated in a peripheral artery, is produced by the movement of blood during the heart’s contraction
72
pulse deficit
the difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates
73
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements
74
pulse rate
the number of peripheral pulsations palpated in 1 minute
75
pulse rhythm
the pattern of the pulsations and the pauses between them
76
Pulse volume
the quality of palpated pulsations
77
Pyrexia
Greek word for “fire”
78
Respiration
is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
79
respiratory rate
the number of ventilations per minute
80
set point
an optimal body temperature
81
shell temperature
warmth at the skin surface
82
speculum
funnel-shaped instrument used to widen and support an opening in the body
83
sphygmomanometer
a device for measuring blood pressure
84
stertorous breathing
noisy ventilation
85
stethoscope
an instrument that carries sound to the ears
86
stridor
a harsh, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration when there is laryngeal obstruction
87
Systolic pressure
pressure within the arterial system when the heart contracts
88
Tachycardia
100 to 150 bpm
89
Tachypnea
a rapid respiratory rate
90
temperature translation
conversion of tympanic temperature into an oral, rectal, or core temperature
91
temporal artery thermometer
is the most noninvasive device when compared with others because it scans the artery at the skin surface, poses no risk for injury, and is suitable for nearly all ages
92
thermistor catheter
heat-sensing device at the tip of an internally placed tube
93
thermogenesis
heat production
94
training effect
occurs in which the heart rate and consequently the pulse rate become consistently lower than average. This effect develops because the heart muscle becomes more efficient at supplying body cells with sufficient oxygenated blood with fewer beats
95
Ventilation
(the movement of air in and out of the chest) involves inhalation or inspiration (breathing in) and exhalation or expiration (breathing out
96
Vital signs
body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
97
white adipose tissue (WAT)
that contains fat cells known as adipocytes. WAT provides heat insulation and cushioning of internal structures
98
white coat hypertension
a condition in which the blood pressure is elevated when taken by a health care provider but normal at other times
99
acute illness
one that comes on suddenly and lasts a short time
100
Beliefs
are concepts that a person holds to be true
101
capitation
a payment system in which a preset fee per member is paid to a health care provider (usually a hospital or hospital system
102
case method
a pattern in which one nurse manages all the care a client or group of clients need for a designated period of time
103
Chronic illness
one that comes on slowly and lasts a long time
104
Congenital disorders
those present at birth but which are the result of faulty embryonic development
105
Continuity of care
maintenance of health care from one level of health to another and from one agency to another
106
diagnostic-related group (DRG)
a classification system used to group clients with similar diagnoses for insurance
107
Emotional health
results when one feels safe and copes effectively with the stressors of life
108
exacerbation
reactivation of a disorder, or one that reverts from a chronic to an acute state
109
Extended care
services that meet the health needs of clients who no longer require acute hospital care) includes rehabilitation
110
functional nursing
a pattern in which each nurse is assigned specific tasks
111
health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
112
health care system
the network of available health services
113
Health insurance marketplaces
are state organizations that provide a means for individuals or employers with small numbers of employees to purchase affordable private health insurance under the provisions identified in the ACA
114
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
are corporations that charge preset, fixed, or yearly fees in exchange for providing health care for their members
115
hereditary condition
disorder acquired from the genetic codes of one or both parents
116
Holism
the sum of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health
117
human needs
factors that motivate behavior
118
idiopathic illness
is an illness of unknown cause. Treatment focuses on relieving the signs and symptoms because the etiology is unknown
119
Illness
is a state of being unhealthy when disease, deterioration, or injury impairs a person’s well-being
120
Integrated delivery systems
networks that provide a full range of health care services in a highly coordinated, cost-effective manner. The VA
121
Managed care organizations (MCOs)
private insurers who carefully plan and closely supervise the distribution of their clients’ health care services
122
Medicaid
is a federally funded, state-administered health care program for low-income individuals
123
Medicare
a federal program that finances health care costs of persons aged 65 years and older, permanently disabled workers of any age and their dependents, and those with end-stage renal disease
124
Morbidity
incidence of a specific disease, disorder, or injury
125
Mortality
incidence of deaths
126
nurse-managed care
a pattern in which a nurse manager plans the nursing care of clients based on their type of case or medical diagnosis
127
nursing team
primarily includes the client and nursing personnel, but it may also include several types of professionals as well as allied health care providers with special training such as respiratory therapists, physical therapists, and technicians
128
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
a health reform law passed in 2010, an estimated 11.7 million people acquired health insurance by the end of the enrollment period in 2015
129
Physical health
exists when body organs function normally
130
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
are agents for health insurance companies that control health care costs on the basis of competition. PPOs create a network of a community’s physicians who are willing to discount their fees for service in exchange for a steady supply of referred clients
131
Primary care
health services provided by the first health care provider or agency a person contacts
132
primary illness
one that develops independently of any other disease
133
primary nursing
a pattern in which the admitting nurse assumes responsibility for planning client care and evaluating the client’s progress
134
prospective payment system
uses financial incentives to decrease total health care charges by reimbursing hospitals on a fixed rate basis
135
Remission
is the disappearance of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
136
secondary care
health services to which primary caregivers refer clients for consultation and additional testing
137
secondary illness
disorder that develops from a preexisting condition
138
sequelae
singular: sequela; ill effects that result from permanent or progressive organ damage caused by a disease or its treatment
139
Social health
is an outcome of feeling accepted and useful
140
Spiritual health
is characterized as believing that one’s life has purpose
141
Team nursing
a pattern in which nursing personnel divide the clients into groups and complete their care together
142
terminal illness
one in which there is no potential for cure
143
Tertiary care
health services provided at hospitals or medical centers where complex technology and specialists are available
144
Values
are ideals that a person feels are important (e.g., knowledge, wealth, financial security, marital fidelity, health
145
Wellness
means a full and balanced integration of all aspects of health. It involves physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health
146
Adaptation
the response of an organism to change
147
alarm stage
is the immediate physiologic response to a stressor
148
Alternative behavior techniques
are those actions that modify stress in order to take control rather than become immobilized
149
Alternative lifestyle techniques
are those activities in which people who are prone to stress make a conscious effort to change their patterns of living
150
Alternative thinking techniques
are those that facilitate a change in a person’s perceptions from negative to positive
151
catastrophize
choosing to focus on all the potentially negative outcomes that may result from stressors, thus perpetuating and intensifying their responses to stress
152
coping mechanisms
unconscious tactics to defend the psyche
153
Coping strategies
stress reduction activities consciously selected
154
cortisol
a stress hormone, from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol plays various important roles in responding to a stressor such as raising blood glucose and inhibiting insulin to meet increased energy requirements
155
endocrine system
a group of glands found throughout the body that produce hormones, sustains the response
156
Endorphins
are natural body chemicals that produce effects similar to those of opioid drugs such as morphine. In addition to decreasing pain, these chemicals promote a sense of pleasantness, tranquility, and well-being
157
feedback loop
is the mechanism for controlling hormone production. Feedback can be negative or positive
158
fight-or-flight response
It (body) accelerates the physiologic functions that ensure survival through enhanced strength or rapid escape. The person becomes active, aroused, and emotionally charged
159
freeze response
Therefore, it has been proposed that humans may also respond to stimuli not only by speeding physiologic responses, but also by slowing them down
160
general adaptation syndrome
collective physiologic processes of the stress response
161
Homeostasis
is a relatively stable state of physiologic equilibrium; it means “staying the same”
162
hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.
Receptors for these chemical messengers are found throughout the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, suggesting a highly integrated communication system sometimes referred to as
163
neuropeptides
are actually types of neuromodulators; they help neurons communicate with each other (van den Pol, 2012). Neuropeptides include substance P, endorphins, enkephalins, and other neurohormones.
164
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers synthesized in the neurons
serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline), acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate
165
Primary prevention
involves eliminating the potential for illness before it occurs
166
Reframing
helps a person analyze a stressful situation from various perspectives and ultimately conclude that the situation is not as bad as it once seemed
167
reticular activating system (RAS)
an area of the brain through which a network of nerves pass, is the communication link between the body and the mind. Information about a person’s internal and external environment is funneled through the RAS to the cortex on both a conscious and an unconscious level
168
Secondary prevention
includes screening for risk factors and providing a means for early diagnosis of disease
169
Sensory manipulation
involves altering moods, feelings, and physiologic responses by stimulating pleasure centers in the brain using sensory stimuli
170
stage of exhaustion
is the last phase of general adaptation syndrome. It occurs when one or more adaptive or resistive mechanisms are no longer able to protect the person experiencing a stressor
171
stage of resistance
the second phase in general adaptation syndrome, is characterized by physiologic changes designed to restore homeostasis
172
Stress
is the physiologic and behavioral responses to disequilibrium. It has physical, emotional, and cognitive effects
173
Stress management techniques
are therapeutic activities used to reestablish balance between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems
174
Stress reduction techniques
are methods that promote physiologic comfort and emotional well-being
175
stressors
changes with the potential to disturb equilibrium
176
Stress-related disorders
are diseases that result from prolonged stimulation of the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems
177
Tertiary prevention
minimizes the consequences of a disorder through aggressive rehabilitation or appropriate management of the disease
