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APES > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Specialist species

A

Smaller range of tolerance (narrow ecological niche) making them prone to extinction
-specific food requirements
-less adaptable

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2
Q

Generalist species

A

Larger range of tolerance (broader niche) making them less prone to extinction
-likely to be invasive
-broad food requirements
-high adaptability

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3
Q

K-Selected Species

A

-Have few offspring, but heavily parent them
-Reproduce many times
-long lifespan

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4
Q

R-Selected Species

A

-have many offspring, with little to no parental care
-may reproduce only once
-shorter lifespanE

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5
Q

Which type of species has a longer lifespan R or K selected?

A

K selected

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6
Q

Which type of species is better suited for environmental changes R or K selected?

A

R selected,
they have high biotic potential which=more rapid population recovery after disturbances

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7
Q

Which type of species is more likely to be invasive R or K selected?

A

R selected

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8
Q

Which type of species has larger offspring R or K selected?

A

K selected

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9
Q

Which type of species has a faster growth rate R or K selected?

A

R selected

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10
Q

Biotic Potental

A

The maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimal conditions

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11
Q

In which type of species will the death of a parent also usually cause the death of its offspring? (R or K selected)

A

K selected,
High parental care means the death of a parent=death of offspring

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12
Q

Which type of species has a faster generation time R or K?

A

R selected species,
they generally have a shorter lifespan which means they also have a faster generation time

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13
Q

Survivorship Curve

A

A line that shows the survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth to death.

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14
Q

Cohort

A

a group of same-aged individuals

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15
Q

Faster drop in a survivorship curve=

A

quicker die off of individuals

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16
Q

Survivorship Curve Type I

A

Mostly K selected species
-High survivorship early in life, due to high parental care
-High survival ship in mid life
-Rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in

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17
Q

Survivorship Curve Type II

A

In between R and K selected species
-steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

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18
Q

Survivorship Curve III

A

Mostly R selected Species
-high mortality rate early in life due to little parental care
-Slow steady decline of survivorship in midlife (few make it to midlife)
-slow decline in survivorship in old age (few make it to adulthood)

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19
Q

Carrying Capacity (represented as k)

A

the max. number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)

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20
Q

Overshoot

A

when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity, then causing a die off due to resource depletion

21
Q

Die-off

A

sharp decrease in population size die to a depletion of resources, .

22
Q

What are the 4 population characteristics:

A

Size, Density, Distribution, and gender ratio

23
Q

what is the population characteristic, size?

A

the total number of individuals of a certain species in a population

24
Q

what is the population characteristic, density?

A

the number of individuals per unit of area

25
Q

What is the population characteristic, distribution?

A

how individuals in a population are spread out

26
Q

what are the three types of distribution?

A

Random (trees)
Uniform (territorial organisms)
Clumped (heard/group animals)

27
Q

what is the population characteristic, gender ratio?

A

the ratio of males to females, the closer to 50:50, the more ideal

28
Q

Density dependent factor

A

factors that influence population growth based on size of that population.
-food, competition for habitat, water, light, disease

29
Q

Density independent factors

A

Factors that influence population growth which are not related to the size of the population.
-natural disasters (flood, fire, hurricane)

30
Q

Exponential growth

A

=biotic potential (represented by a J curve)

31
Q

Logistic growth

A

Initial rapid growth, then limiting factors set in and limit population size (represented by S curve).

32
Q

What indicates growth rate in an age structure diagram?

A

the size difference between the 0-14 cohort and the 15-44 cohort

33
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

34
Q

Replacement level Fertility

A

the total fertility rate required to offset death in a population and keep population size stable.

35
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the number of children under 1 year old that die per 1000 people

36
Q

Higher Infant mortality rate leads to

A

higher total fertility rate (TFR) due to families having replacement children.

37
Q

Highly developed nations have _______ TFR (total fertility rate) then less developed nations.

A

lower

38
Q

Malthusian theory

A

earth has a carrying capacity based on the rate of food production and this carrying capacity will be reached soon because our population is increasing exponentially, but our food production is increasing linearly.
-Proved untrue (for the time being) by technological advancements like synthetic fertilizers

39
Q

Growth rate

A

the % increase in a population

40
Q

Growth rate =

A

(CBR-CDR)/10

41
Q

GDP (gross domestic product)

A

economic indicator of the standard of living
-total value of the goods and services produced

42
Q

Life expectency

A

health indicator of the standard of living
-average age a person will live to

43
Q

High GDP and life expectancy are indicators of:

A

development and low population growth

44
Q

Industrializaton

A

the process of economic and social transition from agrarian economy to an industrial economy

45
Q

Stage 1 Preindustrial

A

-high IMR and death rate
-high total fertility rate
-little to no growth due to high CBR and CDR

46
Q

State 2 Indusrializing/developing

A

-IMR and CDR are declining
-Total fertility rate remains high
-rapid growth die to high CBR and declineg CDR

47
Q

Stage 3 Developed/Industrialized

A

-Slowing growth rates as CBR drops closer to CDR

48
Q

Stage 4 Post industrialized/highly developed

A

-CBR drops lower than CDR (growth rate becomes negative)

49
Q

What are the 4 stages of development of a country

A

1-Preindustrial
2-developing
3-developed
4-highly developed

APES (5 decks)

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