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Biology Semester 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Chemistry of Organic molecules

1
Q

What is Organic chemistry

A

the study of complex carbon compounds that can be found in living things

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2
Q

all living things are made out of what

A

similar complex carbon compounds

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3
Q

How many valence electrons does C (Carbon) have

A

4

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4
Q

monomer

A

small, simple compound; Brick

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5
Q

polymer

A

repeated linked monomers covalently bonded together; wall

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6
Q

macromolecule

A

castle

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7
Q

What are the two reactions to know

A

condensation (dehydration) reaction

Hydrolysis reaction

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8
Q

to build a polymer by removing the -OH from one monomer and the -H from a second, resulting in the formation of water

A

using the condensation reaction

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9
Q

how is the Hydrolysis reaction used

A

to break down a polymer through the addition of water

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10
Q

What are the four molecules of life

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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11
Q

the four molecules of life are found and used by all _______

A

living things

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12
Q

What are the four molecules of life made up of

A

CHOMPS

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13
Q

define carbohydrates

A

compounds which contain a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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14
Q

what do carbohydrates give the body

A

fast fuel or short term energy

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15
Q

how are carbohydrates made

A

from joining H2O and CO2 by plants during photosynthesis

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16
Q

what is the first macromolecule used to obtain energy for the body because very little energy is required to break down

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

what is used as structural components in cells (peptidoglycan, bacterial cell walls, cellulose in plant cell walls, and chitin in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods)

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

glucose

A

comes from plants through photo synthesis; main sugar metabolized by the body for energy

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19
Q

galactose

A

from milk (glucose+ galactose–> lactose)

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20
Q

fructose

A

from fruit

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21
Q

what are the three monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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22
Q

what three molecules have the C6 H12 O6 formula

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

(Monosaccharides)

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23
Q

Define a disacharide

A

two (di) monosacharides joined together by a condensation (dehydration) reaction, farming a molecule of water in the process

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24
Q

glucose+fructose—–>

A

sucrose

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25
galactose+glucose----->
lactose
26
glucose+glucose---->
maltose
27
what is a polysaccharide
many monosaccharides joined together
28
give an example of a polysaccharide
glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose....
29
what are the three polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, cellulose
30
where is glycogen stored
liver and muscles
31
where are starches stored
plants
32
where is cellulose stored
wood; most abundant organic compound on Earth
33
what are lipids
non-polar compounds which contain C, H and O, but not in any specific order
34
Lipids are: ________ compounds which contain ___________, but not in any specific order
non-polar C, H, O
35
why do lipids not dissolve in water
because the are NON-POLAR (hydrophobic)
36
where are lipids found
meat, fish, oil, avocados, eggs, nuts
37
what are lipids
fats and oils
38
what do lipids do
store a great deal of long-term energy for an organism and allow the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins
39
what is the second thing lipids are used for (fat)
insulating and cushioning the body, and are important for hormones
40
what are lipids made out of
Glycerol and three fatty acids
41
what do animals convert excess sugars into
fats
42
what do plants store excess sugar as
starch, or occasionally oil
43
what are some oils that come from plants (name 3)
coconut oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, avocado oil, olive oil, peanut oil, palm oil
44
explain the SSS's
Saturated fats are all Solids at room temp with Single C-C bonds
45
What do the S's in SSS stand for
Saturated fats, Solids, Single bonds
46
where do saturated fats come from
animals
47
where do unsaturated fats come from
plants
48
_______ fats are liquid at room temp
unsaturated
49
are unsaturated or saturated fats healthier
unsaturated
50
What are the three different types of lipids
Phospholipid, Triglyceride, Steroids
51
define phospholipid
two non-polar (hydrophobic) fatty and tails with a polar head containing glycerol and phosphate; form bi layers in water, and make up all cell membranes
52
define triglyceride
three fatty acid trails connected to one glycerol molecule; primarily used for fuel(fats and oils); stores much more energy that carbohydrates
53
define steroids(cholesterol) `
a soft, waxy substance found among the lipids in the bloodstream and in all your bodies cells.
54
What are steroids (cholesterol) used for
to form cell membranes, somen hormones and is needed for other functions.
55
What does a high level of cholesterol do
makes a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which leads to a heart attack
56
Fats produce ________ as many calories as carbs when burned (_______________)
twice (9kcal/gram vs 4kcal/gram)
57
What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids
the 1:2:1 ratio in the carbohydrates
58
What are proteins
complex specialized globular molecules composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
59
most are used for structure, motion, and speed (hair, nails, organs, muscles, etc)
proteins
60
used to supply raw materials (amino acids) for the growth and repair for cells
proteins
61
used for transporting substances across cell membranes (carrier proteins); hemoglobin transports oxygen and removes CO2 from tissues and cells
proteins
62
what does hemoglobin do
transports oxygen and removes CO2 from tissues
63
what are the antibodies in our immune system protect us from foreign substances that disrupt our homeostasis
proteins
64
what kind of shape does a substrate molecule have
complimentary shape
64
what is it called when substrate and enzyme molecules temporarily combine
enzyme- substrate complex
65
how is an enzyme-substrate complex held together
a hydrogen bond

Biology Semester 1 (4 decks)

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