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Biology Semester 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

Chemistry of Organic molecules

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1
Q

What is Organic chemistry

A

the study of complex carbon compounds that can be found in living things

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2
Q

all living things are made out of what

A

similar complex carbon compounds

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3
Q

How many valence electrons does C (Carbon) have

A

4

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4
Q

monomer

A

small, simple compound; Brick

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5
Q

polymer

A

repeated linked monomers covalently bonded together; wall

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6
Q

macromolecule

A

castle

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7
Q

What are the two reactions to know

A

condensation (dehydration) reaction

Hydrolysis reaction

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8
Q

to build a polymer by removing the -OH from one monomer and the -H from a second, resulting in the formation of water

A

using the condensation reaction

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9
Q

how is the Hydrolysis reaction used

A

to break down a polymer through the addition of water

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10
Q

What are the four molecules of life

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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11
Q

the four molecules of life are found and used by all _______

A

living things

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12
Q

What are the four molecules of life made up of

A

CHOMPS

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13
Q

define carbohydrates

A

compounds which contain a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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14
Q

what do carbohydrates give the body

A

fast fuel or short term energy

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15
Q

how are carbohydrates made

A

from joining H2O and CO2 by plants during photosynthesis

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16
Q

what is the first macromolecule used to obtain energy for the body because very little energy is required to break down

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

what is used as structural components in cells (peptidoglycan, bacterial cell walls, cellulose in plant cell walls, and chitin in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods)

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

glucose

A

comes from plants through photo synthesis; main sugar metabolized by the body for energy

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19
Q

galactose

A

from milk (glucose+ galactose–> lactose)

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20
Q

fructose

A

from fruit

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21
Q

what are the three monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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22
Q

what three molecules have the C6 H12 O6 formula

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

(Monosaccharides)

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23
Q

Define a disacharide

A

two (di) monosacharides joined together by a condensation (dehydration) reaction, farming a molecule of water in the process

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24
Q

glucose+fructose—–>

A

sucrose

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25
Q

galactose+glucose—–>

A

lactose

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26
Q

glucose+glucose—->

A

maltose

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27
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides joined together

28
Q

give an example of a polysaccharide

A

glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose+glucose….

29
Q

what are the three polysaccharides

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

30
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver and muscles

31
Q

where are starches stored

A

plants

32
Q

where is cellulose stored

A

wood; most abundant organic compound on Earth

33
Q

what are lipids

A

non-polar compounds which contain C, H and O, but not in any specific order

34
Q

Lipids are:
________ compounds which contain ___________, but not in any specific order

A

non-polar

C, H, O

35
Q

why do lipids not dissolve in water

A

because the are NON-POLAR (hydrophobic)

36
Q

where are lipids found

A

meat, fish, oil, avocados, eggs, nuts

37
Q

what are lipids

A

fats and oils

38
Q

what do lipids do

A

store a great deal of long-term energy for an organism and allow the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins

39
Q

what is the second thing lipids are used for (fat)

A

insulating and cushioning the body, and are important for hormones

40
Q

what are lipids made out of

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

41
Q

what do animals convert excess sugars into

A

fats

42
Q

what do plants store excess sugar as

A

starch, or occasionally oil

43
Q

what are some oils that come from plants (name 3)

A

coconut oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, avocado oil, olive oil, peanut oil, palm oil

44
Q

explain the SSS’s

A

Saturated fats are all Solids at room temp with Single C-C bonds

45
Q

What do the S’s in SSS stand for

A

Saturated fats, Solids, Single bonds

46
Q

where do saturated fats come from

A

animals

47
Q

where do unsaturated fats come from

A

plants

48
Q

_______ fats are liquid at room temp

A

unsaturated

49
Q

are unsaturated or saturated fats healthier

A

unsaturated

50
Q

What are the three different types of lipids

A

Phospholipid, Triglyceride, Steroids

51
Q

define phospholipid

A

two non-polar (hydrophobic) fatty and tails with a polar head containing glycerol and phosphate; form bi layers in water, and make up all cell membranes

52
Q

define triglyceride

A

three fatty acid trails connected to one glycerol molecule; primarily used for fuel(fats and oils); stores much more energy that carbohydrates

53
Q

define steroids(cholesterol) `

A

a soft, waxy substance found among the lipids in the bloodstream and in all your bodies cells.

54
Q

What are steroids (cholesterol) used for

A

to form cell membranes, somen hormones and is needed for other functions.

55
Q

What does a high level of cholesterol do

A

makes a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which leads to a heart attack

56
Q

Fats produce ________ as many calories as carbs when burned (_______________)

A

twice

(9kcal/gram vs 4kcal/gram)

57
Q

What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids

A

the 1:2:1 ratio in the carbohydrates

58
Q

What are proteins

A

complex specialized globular molecules composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

59
Q

most are used for structure, motion, and speed (hair, nails, organs, muscles, etc)

A

proteins

60
Q

used to supply raw materials (amino acids) for the growth and repair for cells

A

proteins

61
Q

used for transporting substances across cell membranes (carrier proteins); hemoglobin transports oxygen and removes CO2 from tissues and cells

A

proteins

62
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

transports oxygen and removes CO2 from tissues

63
Q

what are the antibodies in our immune system protect us from foreign substances that disrupt our homeostasis

A

proteins

64
Q

what kind of shape does a substrate molecule have

A

complimentary shape

64
Q

what is it called when substrate and enzyme molecules temporarily combine

A

enzyme- substrate complex

65
Q

how is an enzyme-substrate complex held together

A

a hydrogen bond

Biology Semester 1 (4 decks)

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