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165 Pharm Final > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Contrast media are used in radiographic imaging to:

A

enhance the subject contrast of the area of interest

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2
Q

Radiographic images that demonstrate few density differences define:

A

low subject contrast

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3
Q

Any contrast agents, including barium, air, and injectable agents can be generally classified as:

A

positive and negative

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4
Q

Generally speaking, radiographic images are the result of x-ray photons being absorbed to varying degrees based on tissue density and thickness. There are five radiographic densities seen on radiographs: air or gas, water, fat, mineral, and metal. The lowest subject contrast between these five densities is between

A

water and fat.

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5
Q

Negative contrast agents

A

have low atomic numbers.

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6
Q

A double-contrast study of the colon is an example of

A

a high-contrast examination.
,

the use of both a negative and a positive contrast agent on the same image.
,

a barium sulfate and air examination.

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7
Q

Positive contrast agents

A

have high atomic numbers.

appear white on radiographs because of the degree of attenuation.

have a tendency to absorb x-ray photon energy to a great extent.

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8
Q

A common contrast agent used for MRI examinations is

A

gadolinium-DTPA.

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9
Q

For select examinations, air (negative contrast) and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal linings, joint interspaces, and passageways. These examinations are considered

A

double-contrast studies.

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10
Q

All of the following are true of barium sulfate as a contrast agent EXCEPT

A

when mixed with water, it dissolves completely.

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11
Q

Barium sulfate would be contraindicated for a patient with

A

a suspected duodenal bulb perforation

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12
Q

Stomach examinations using barium sulfate have some degree of risk for patients who are

A

sedated

mentally disabled

potentially hypovolemic

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13
Q

Most adverse reactions to ionic, iodinated contrast agents are caused by

A

their osmolality.

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14
Q

An undesirable characteristic of ionic contrast agents is their

A

dissociation into a cation and an anion when dissolved in plasma

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15
Q

Nonionic iodine contrast agents differ from ionic agents in that nonionics

A

do not break down into a cation and an anion.

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16
Q

The ideal iodinated contrast agent would have what characteristic(s)?
1. High osmolality
2. Low osmolality
3. Nonionic chemical structure
4. Water solubility (hydrophilic)

A

2, 3, and 4

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17
Q

The osmotic effects of ionic contrast agents are a result of the movement of

A

water from the body’s cells into the bloodstream, causing increased blood volume and higher blood pressure.

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18
Q

After the injection of an ionic iodinated contrast agent into a patient for a renal study, the patient complains of a warm feeling and is starting to itch. You notice the patient is developing urticaria. As you monitor the patient, you should

A

closely monitor the patient and look for worsening signs such as vomiting and bronchospasm.

inform the radiologist or physician of the patient’s anaphylaxis.

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19
Q

Laboratory tests to assess a patient’s BUN and creatinine are used to determine the patient’s

A

renal function.

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20
Q

Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to patients with compromised renal function. Patients who commonly have compromised kidney function include

A

patients with diabetes.

elderly patients.

patients with renal disease.

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21
Q

Nonionic low-osmolality contrast agents have gained tremendous popularity with physicians as a safer choice for iodine contrast examinations. It is important to remember that nonionics

A

still pose a risk to renal function.

22
Q

When using any type of contrast agent for a radiographic examination

A

a thorough medical history must be taken by the imaging professional.

23
Q

A radiopharmaceutical is

A

a radioactive material used for nuclear imaging with a gamma camera.

24
Q

A key distinction between radiographic studies and nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals is that

A

nuclear studies are generally more functional in nature.
,

radiographic examinations are more structural in nature.

both studies use ionizing radiation.

25
Q

When working with a radiopharmaceutical, the nuclear medicine professional must be aware of

A

the half-life of the isotope.
,

any isotope spills or leaks.

contamination of isotope that yields image artifacts.

26
Q

A responsible medical imaging professional will always maintain his or her focus on patients, particularly when any contrast agent is administered. A mandatory prerequisite to these studies is always

A

obtain a thorough medical history including allergies and diseases.

27
Q

When a nonionic contrast agent is injected into an artery such as the carotid, visualization of the artery occurs because

A

iodine in the contrast agent mixes with blood and makes the artery radiopaque.

28
Q

What are the five radiographic densities?

A

Air (gas) Fat, Water, Mineral, Metal

29
Q

What does contrast media do?

A

Visualizes anatomy normally not seen on diagnostic medical image

30
Q

Increased absorption of x-ray photons occurs with bone because calcium

A

Has a high atomic number

31
Q

Regarding contrast media the __________________interaction is what creates the image - without this interaction there would be no image. (True absorption of the beam)

A

Photoelectric

32
Q

Photoelectric interaction appears what color on image?

A

White

33
Q

An increase in Compton interactions results in which of the following?

A

Increased tech dose

34
Q

Negative (air/crystals) are composed of low-atomic number elements. They appear ____________ on image.

A

radiolucent

35
Q

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a syndrome mostly associated with which type of contrast agent?

A

gadolinium based contrast agents

36
Q

If barium leaks out of the colon and into the abdominal cavity it will be absorbed by the abdominal membranes because it is water soluble.

A

False

37
Q

The term used to describe clumping or coming out of suspension is called:

A

flocculation

38
Q

The complication caused by an increase in water absorption by the colon resulting in excess fluid entering the circulatory system is term:

A

hypervolemia

39
Q

When performing a myelogram study, which is the ONLY type of contrast agent that should be used?

A

nonionic

40
Q

When using a ionic contrast agent versus a nonionic contrast agent, the incidence of allergic reactions_______________.

A

increase

41
Q

Omniscan, Eovist, Teslascan and Vasovist are examples of what type of contrast agents?

A

MRI contrast agents

42
Q

What is the term for the concentration of osmotically active particles and solution?

A

osmolarity

43
Q

What is the term for a negatively charged particle?

A

anion

44
Q

What is the term for an immediately life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction?

A

anaphylaxis

45
Q

Which of the following can result from large amounts of barium sulfate being aspirated?

A

death

pneumonitis

granulomas of lung tissue and lymph nodes

46
Q

Radiopaque contrast media are responsible for approximately what percentage of all acute renal failure events?

A

10%

47
Q

What is the term for a heart rhythm disturbance characterized by electrical impulses without cardiac contraction?

A

pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

48
Q

High osmolality ROCM can cause some anticoagulation, which can result in bleeding and bruising.

A

True

49
Q

When are diatrizoate solutions used most often?
1. renal insufficiency
2. Suspected GI perforation
3. CT studies to reduce artifacts
4. Nuc Med

A

2 and 3

50
Q

Barium sulfate is absorbed through the GI wall.

A

False

165 Pharm Final (5 decks)

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