Unit 3 Flashcards
a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments, page 87
federalism
possessing supreme political authority within a geographic area, page 88
sovereign
the period after the Civil War when much of the South was under military occupation, page 92
Reconstruction
he system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which most fundamental governmental powers were strictly separated between the federal and state governments, page 92
dual federalism
a way of describing the system of dual federalism in which there is a division of responsibilities between the state and the national governments, page 93
layer-cake federalism
a way of describing federalism where the boundaries between the national government and state governments have become blurred, page 94
marble-cake federalism
a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation, page 94
cooperative federalism
congressionally appropriated grants to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law, page 94
categorical grants
the attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants, page 96
New Federalism
federal grants that allow states considerable discretion on how funds are spent, page 96
block grants
federal policies that force states to change their policies to achieve national goals, page 96
coercive federalism
federal requirements that states or local governments pay the costs of federal policies, page 96
unfunded mandates
where the national government imposes its priorities and prevents the state from acting in a particular field, page 96
preemption
an interpretation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that held that states could segregate races as long as equal facilities were provided; it was overturned in 1954, page 100
“separate but equal”
allow states, usually under state constitution, to expand rights beyond those provided by the U.S. Constitution, page 104
independent state grounds
