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A&P 1 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Groups

A

Group of atoms responsible for chemical characteristics.

  1. Alcohol (-ol)
  2. Ether
  3. Aldehyde
  4. Ketone
  5. Carboxylic Acid
  6. Ester
  7. Amine
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2
Q

4 Categories of Molecules

A
  1. Amino Acids (Proteins)
  2. Fatty Acids (Lipids)
  3. Carbohydrates and Alcohols
  4. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
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3
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

  1. Deoxyribose sugar
  2. Polymer of monomer nucleotides
  3. Pentose sugar
  4. Double Helix - ATCG

Stable/stays same/long lifespan

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4
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

  1. Ribose sugar
  2. Pentose
  3. Polymer of monomer nucleotides
  4. Single strand - AUTG

Dynamic/changeable/short lifespan

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5
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Structures easily mix with H2O

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6
Q

Monomer

A

Single subunits or building blocks. Combine through covalent bonds to form polymers. (Dehydration synthesis)

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7
Q

Polymers

A

Monomers combined

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8
Q

Polypeptides

A

More than two/Small string of amino acids (polymers)

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9
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two aminos bonded

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10
Q

Peptidases/Proteases

A

Enzyme that breaks peptide bonds (hydrolysis)

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11
Q

Proteins

A
  1. Carry out cell functions
  2. Created by amino acid monomers
  3. 30-100 amino acids
  4. Synthesized in ribosomes
  5. Peptidases break down
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12
Q

Ribosome

A

Cell machine that synthesizes proteins

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13
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Reaction that puts monomers together while losing H2O.

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction that inserts H2O across the bond and breaks polymers back to monomers

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15
Q

Amino acids

A
  1. 2 C and a N form the backbone
  2. One amino group -NH2
  3. One carboxyl group -COOH
  4. 20 common types
  5. String together to form proteins
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16
Q

Protein structures

A

Shape is critical to function

  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
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17
Q

Enzymes

A
  1. Catalysts in bio chemical reactions
  2. Usually complex or conjugated proteins
  3. Specific for the substrate
  4. Breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis reactions.
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18
Q

Hormones

A
  1. Chemical signaling molecules
  2. Usually small proteins or steroids
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19
Q

a-helix

A
  1. Secondary structure of protein
  2. shape together by hydrogen bonds
  3. spiral shape
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20
Q

B-pleated sheet

A
  1. Secondary structure of proteins
  2. Hydrogen bonds, hold the shape
  3. Directional arrow together in pleats
  4. Blunt end -NH2 / Arrow end -COOH
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21
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  1. Polypeptide 3 dimensional structure
  2. Created by interactions among the R- groups.
  3. Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen, bonding, and disulfide linkages.
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22
Q

Quaternary structure

A
  1. Several polypeptides or sub units interacting.
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23
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water fearing” or insoluble in water

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24
Q

Lipid characteristics

A
  1. Non-polar/Hydrophobic
  2. Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids
  3. Covalent bonds w/equal sharing
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25
Q

Protein Motif

A

Commonly seen arrangements of proteins that serve a specific purpose

  1. Beta Barrel - Large Pore in Membrane
  2. Helix Turn Helix - binding DNA/turning genes on and off
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26
Q

Properties of Amino Acid R groups

A
  1. Negatively Charged (Acids)
  2. Positively Charged (Bases)
  3. Non Polar (Hydrophobic)
  4. Polar uncharged (Hydrophilic)
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27
Q

Amino Acid R group
-Negatively Charged

A
  1. Aspartate
  2. Glutamate (nerve signaling molecule)

Differ by 1 CH2 in the R group
Acids/Proton Donors

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28
Q

Amino Acid R Group
- Positively Charged

A
  1. Lysine
  2. Arginine
  3. Histidine

Proton acceptors/bases
Interact with -DNA molecules

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29
Q

Amino Acid R Group
- Non-polar

A
  1. 10 Amino acids that cannot form hydrogen bonds
  2. Prefer to be surrounded by lipids or each other
  3. Hydrophobic
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30
Q

Amino Acid R Group
- Polar Uncharged

A
  1. Forms Hydrogen Bonds
  2. Hydrophilic
  3. No charge “equal sharing”
  4. Disulfide bonds (cysteine)
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31
Q

Primary Sequence (Proteins)

A
  1. The order that amino acids are connected.
  2. Folded to form the functional protein
32
Q

Interactions that keep proteins folded

A
  1. Ionic bonds (opposite charges attract)
  2. Hydrophobic
  3. Disulfide linkages (between SH on cysteines)
  4. Hydrogen bonds (polar groups charged or uncharged)
33
Q

Substrate

A

The molecules that enzymes act upon

34
Q

Product

A

Molecules that are created by enzymes

35
Q

Cofactor/coenzymes

A
  1. Chemicals which help enzymes work better (vitamins)
36
Q

Sub categories of Lipids

A
  1. Steroids/cholesterol
  2. Fatty acids
    (Sat, unsat, polyunsat)
37
Q

Steroids

A
  1. Based on cholesterol structure
  2. Include cholesterol itself, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, and vitamin D.
  3. Subcategory lipids
38
Q

Fatty Acids Characteristics

A
  1. Long chain molecules rich in C & H
  2. Backbones 4-20 carbons end to end
  3. Each end with a -COOH group

Sat/unsat/poly

39
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A
  1. All carbons are filled/saturated with hydrogen
  2. Solid at room temperature.
40
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  1. A double bond, causing a kink and less Hydrogen atoms
41
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A
  1. Multiple double bonds/kinks
  2. Liquid at room temperature
42
Q

Triglycerides

A

Three fatty acid chains added to a glycerol molecule.

43
Q

Sugars classified by

A

Number of Carbons

5C - Pentoses
6C - Hexose

44
Q

Saccharides

A

Carbohydrate sugars

45
Q

Carbohydrate characteristics

A

Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen ratio 1:2:1

  1. End is -ose
  2. Sugar/saccharides
46
Q

Pentose

A

5 Carbon sugars
1. Not a food source
2. Essential for DNA/RNA structures
3. Ribose and Deoxyribose

47
Q

Hexose

A

6 Carbon Sugars
1. Food source
2. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.

48
Q

Ribose

A

Sugar component of RNA

49
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Sugar component of DNA

50
Q

Glucose

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Preferred energy source
  3. Essential blood sugar component
  4. Linear form or ring structure
51
Q

Fructose

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Converted to Glucose in the liver
  3. Major sugar in fruits/honey
52
Q

Galactose

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Component of Lactose (Glucose& Galaxtose)
53
Q

Monosaccharide (5)

A

Single sugar molecule

  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Ribose
  5. Deoxyribose
54
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two joined sugar molecules (dehydration synthesis)

  1. Sucrose (table sugar)
  2. Maltose (malt sugar)
  3. Lactose (milk sugar)
55
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Three or more joined sugar molecules

  1. Starch
  2. Cellulose
  3. Glycogen
56
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same #of atoms in a different arrangement

57
Q

Cellulose

A
  1. Polysaccharide
  2. Glucose in Beta config
  3. Humans cannot break down with enzymes (insoluble fiber)
  4. Bacteria can break down = gas
58
Q

Starch

A
  1. Polysaccharide
  2. Glucose used by plants
  3. Broken down by amylases enzyme into glucose
59
Q

Glycogen

A
  1. Polysaccharide
  2. Storage energy form of glucose

Approx 100g stored in liver
Approx 400g stored in muscles

60
Q

Alpha configuration (saccharides)

A

Able to breakdown

61
Q

Beta configuration (saccharides)

A

Not able to be broken down

62
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Acidic molecules found in the nucleus
1. DNA
2. RNA

63
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Core molecules in each nucleotide

Pyrimidines - Cytosine and Thymine
Purines - Adenine and Guanine

64
Q

Nucleosides

A

Nitrogenous base + sugar

  • Pyrimidines
    1. Cytidine / 2’deoxycytidine
    2. Uridine (rna only)
    3. 2’deoxythymidine (dna only)
  • Purines
    1. Adenosine / 2’deoxyadenosine
    2. Guanosine / 2’deoxyguanosine
65
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleoside + phosphate group

Monomers that make DNA/RNA

A, T/U, C, G

66
Q

5’ to 3’

A

The process which enzymes read the directions of DNA/RNA

Carbon 5’ to 3’

67
Q

Phospholipids

A
  1. Diglyceride
  2. Phosphate containing head (water lovin)
  3. Hydrocarbon tail (water hatin)
  4. Amphipathic
68
Q

Amphipathic

A

Cell has a polar and non-polar part (e.g. phospholipids)

69
Q

Lipoproteins

A
  1. Lipid and protein combo
  2. Polar surface
  3. Non polar Lipid core
  4. Used to carry lipids in water soluble blood
70
Q

Liposome

A
  1. Lipid structure
  2. Spherical version of the cell membrane
  3. Inner space used to deliver drugs to specific tissues
71
Q

Micelles

A

Grouping of lipid molecules that form in a solution

72
Q

Lipid bilayer

A
  1. Cell membrane is formed by lipid bilayers
  2. Phosphorus head towards water based side
  3. Fatty acid tails inward towards each other
73
Q

Denaturation

A
  1. Loss of biological activity
  2. Proteins and DNA
  3. Disrupts hydrogen bonds with heat
  4. Basis of PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction
74
Q

ATP

A
  1. Adenosine triphosphate
  2. Energy currency of cells
  3. Excess energy is stored as phosphate bonds
  4. Energy requirements, released from phosphate bonds.

AMP, ADP, ATP

75
Q

Cyclic

A

Phosphate attached to sugar in two places. 5’ and 3’

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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