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Neurobiology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

why are tracers into the brain

A
  • most tracers are not trans-synaptic
  • for tracers that are trans-synaptic injected in different part of body- jumps and spreads to many other neurons b/c more than one neuron is connected to mechanoreceptor (really confusing)
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2
Q

why study invertebrates

A
  1. ) similar neural network and behavioral responses
  2. ) simplicity of nervous systems
  3. ) ideal for genetic manipulations
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3
Q

desert ant finds its way home

A
  • ant integrates info about movements, keeping track of angles and distances
  • pattern of polarized light defines position of the sun (angle), providing the ant with a “compass”
  • summation of proprioceptive info associated w/ leg movements gives distance
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4
Q

ommatidia

A
  • ant eye photoreceptors
  • each has own nerve tract, so has own perspective
  • arrangement helps ant detect polarized light
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5
Q

ant compensate for sun shifting

A
  • becomes familiar with rate of sun movement
  • accomplished in a day
  • as if learning patterns of polarized light at different times of day
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6
Q

insect eye and landmark detection

A
  • irregularities of microvilli arrangement in ommatidia outside the dorsal rim of the eye
  • only dorsal is responsive to polarized light- restricts color detection
  • twisted receptors outside dorsal- don’t sense polarized light, but can detect landmarks and color
  • bee eye
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7
Q

bees and magnetic compass for orientation

A
  • faced south before landing and taking off
  • view visual cue and attractant from constant direction
  • innate sense of N, S, E, W
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8
Q

segmented

A

-various tissues and organ systems are organized along anterior-posterior axis into repeating segments that are similar throughout the animal

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9
Q

bee vision

A
  • bees can see UV

- see polarized light shifted into UV frequency

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10
Q

interganglionic connectives

A
  • set of axon bundles where leech ganglion communicates with neighboring and distant parts of nervous system
  • links ganglion of each segment together
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11
Q

N cells leech ganglion

A
  • leech sensory neuron sensitive to noxious stimuli cause response
  • require strong stimuli (pinch w/ forceps)
  • respond to acid, heat, and capsaicin
  • fire more slowly
  • synapse to L and AE neurons
  • activate AE; inhibit L
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12
Q

segmented leech CNS

A
  • chain of 21 ganglia + head and tail ganglia
  • each segment innervated by ganglion (400 nerve cells w/ distinct shapes, sizes, position, etc)
  • longitudinal and angular muscles (stretch and constrict)
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13
Q

What does AE do

A
  • causes segments to bunch together

- segments cause ridging- defensive strategy)

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14
Q

N cell transmission to L-motor

A

-chemical synapses

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15
Q

T cell transmission to L-motor

A

-electrical synapses

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16
Q

roots

A
  • paired axon bundles where leech ganglion receives sensory info
  • innervate leech body
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17
Q

P cell transmission to L-motor

A

-combo of chemical and electrical synapse

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18
Q

T cells in leech ganglion

A
  • leech sensory receptor selective to touch
  • adapt (cease firing) rapidly
  • synapse onto L motor neuron
  • smallest AP
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19
Q

P cells leech ganglion

A
  • leech sensory neuron sensitive to marked pressure or deformation of skin
  • slow adapting
  • bigger AP
  • synapse to L and AE neurons
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20
Q

motor cells in leech

A
  1. ) annulus erector

2. ) longitudinal

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21
Q

habituation

A
  • reflexive withdrawal from a mild tactile stimulus becomes weaker if it is repeated enough times
  • stimuli must become stronger and in different region in order to see response again
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22
Q

sever axon of S cell

A
  • grows back to precisely re-form electrical connections with neighbor
  • sensitization reappears
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23
Q

head direction cell

A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • fires when head is in particular direction
  • keep track of which way head is pointing
  • firing rates change in response to head movement
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24
Q

place cell

A
  • fires when animal is in particular place
  • each place cell has a different receptive field
  • keep track of where rat is in arena
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25
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

-in or around hippocampus

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26
Q

deletion of annulus erector motor cell

A
  • region of skin innervated by that cell fails to become erect in response to stimuli
  • branches of other AE cells eventually supply territory (not permanent)
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27
Q

S cell

A
  • leech inter neuron responsible to exciting motor neurons
  • crucial for sensitization
  • all connected via electrical synapses, so destroy one and all sensitization is lost
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28
Q

command neuron

A
  • single neuron of simple nervous system that plays coordinating role in behavior of animal
  • can initiate or orchestrate behavioral response
  • modulate output behavior
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29
Q

sensitization

A
  • strong stimulus produces increase in sensitivity

- occurs if no previous habituation

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30
Q

dishabituation

A
  • recovery from habituation
  • S cells responsible
  • following habituation stimuli must become stronger and in different region in order to see response again
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31
Q

how to increase memory

A
  1. ) sleep enough
  2. ) use chunking techniques
  3. ) visualize an association
  4. ) localize and use cues
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32
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

-nodule that contains cell bodies of nerve cells that carry signals from sensory organs to integration center

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33
Q

place field

A
  • each place cell likes a different area of entorhinal cortex
  • reverse of receptive field
  • neuron responds to location in space
  • each neuron has favorite space
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34
Q

grid cells

A
  • establish coordinate system for you in space
  • pay attention to landmarks
  • lay out array when encounter room for first time
  • reason why you can navigate in the dark
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35
Q

somatosensation

A
  • what perceiving through skin
  • touch
  • pain
  • temperature
  • can adapt and desensitize
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36
Q

touch

A
  • depends upon specific receptors in skin
  • each touch receptor is sensitive to particular features of mechanical energy and insensitive to other features
  • hairy and glabrous (hairless)
  • fibers often myelinated and conduction is slower than pain
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37
Q

multiple layers of skin

A
  • dermis

- epidermis

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38
Q

skin functions

A
  • protects
  • barrier
  • keeps inside wet, outside dry
  • boundary of self
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39
Q

mechanoreceptor

A
  • flexing causes Na+ channels opening
  • if depolarized enough, cell fires action potential
  • indicates something is on skin
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40
Q

distinction between somatosensation and other senses

A
  1. ) somato receptors all over body (skin)
  2. ) many different types of somato receptors
  3. ) immediate sense (requires contact)- local sense
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41
Q

hearing

A
  • actually somatosensation b/c response to hair cells bending and Na+ channels opening
  • but only one type of auditory receptors (hair)
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42
Q

somatosensation and local sense

A
  • parallels w/ boundary of self

- tells you something is touching you

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43
Q

main mechanoreceptors

A
  1. ) meissner’s corpuscle
  2. ) pacinian corpuscle
  3. ) merkel’s disk
  4. ) Ruffini’s ending
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44
Q

receptive field size

A
  • Meissner’s and Merkel’s disk have small receptive fields

- Pacinian and ruffini’s ending have large receptive fields

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45
Q

large receptive field

A
  • due to structure of receptors
  • Pacinian corpuscle and Reffini’s ending
  • poor for identifying localization
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46
Q

thalamus

A

-sensory relay switchboard

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47
Q

cortical magnification

A
  • cortex overly represents certain portions of body

- Ex: mouth, tongue, etc

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48
Q

temporal cues

A

-determined by rate of vibration as skin is moved across finely textured surfaces

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49
Q

Pacinian receptors

A
  • respond to high frequency vibrations

- rapid adapting

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50
Q

lower threshold

A

-higher sensitivity

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51
Q

naked mole rats

A
  • blind
  • have big teeth
  • teeth, lips, and tissue around over represented in somatosensory cortex b/c it’s what they use to navigate world
  • also have whiskers on front
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52
Q

star nosed mole

A
  • nose densely innervated with receptors
  • each ray of star represented on cortex
  • example of neuroanotomical division that corresponds to function
  • ray 11 has largest representation
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53
Q

what creates cortical magnification

A
  1. ) high receptor density
  2. ) receptive fields are small (higher resolution pic)
  3. ) maintain topographic map along pathway
  4. ) greater # of neurons along pathway- lots of connections that go to cortex
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54
Q

rat cortex

A
  • whisker barrel pattern corresponds to # whiskers on face
  • each whisker has certain spot in cortex
  • whiskers that are used a lot have larger representation
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55
Q

rostral

A

-toward front

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56
Q

caudal

A

-toward back

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57
Q

posterior parietal cortex location

A
  • association cortex

- behind S1, which is behind M1

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58
Q

association areas

A

-niether somato or motor

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59
Q

what does posterior parietal do

A

-integrates somatosensation and vision

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60
Q

dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A
  • touch
  • vibration
  • two-point discrimination
  • proprioception
  • cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
  • one branch to reflex
  • major branch axon continues up spinal cord ipsalaterally to dorsal columns
  • cross at medulla
  • to thalamus (VP nucleus)
  • output to somatosensory cortex
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61
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A
  • pain
  • temperature
  • some touch
  • synapse immediately in dorsal root ganglion (cross immediately)
  • ride up contralateral to sensation
  • output up to thalamus (VP nucleus)
  • output to somatosensory cortex
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62
Q

-contralateral

A

-on opposite side

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63
Q

where does touch info cross

A

-medulla

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64
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A
  • touch neuron

- somatosensory relay nucleus of thalamus

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65
Q

differences between pain and touch

A
  1. ) different pathway
  2. ) different crossing time
  3. ) different travel up (ipsalateral vs. contra)
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66
Q

parallel processing

A
  • somatosensory areas next to each other that are processing different info
  • each processing different info simultaneously
  • Ex: one processing cutaneous, the other processing proprioception
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67
Q

shark sensory system

A
  • use olfaction the most
  • lots of receptors in olfactory bulb
  • link of structure and function
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68
Q

armadillo

A
  • lots of nervous system devoted to olfaction

- folds in brain- surface area

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69
Q

medial

A

-down midline

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70
Q

lateral

A

-out from midline

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71
Q

dorsal

A

-toward top

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72
Q

ventral

A

-toward bottom

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73
Q

dorsal side of spinal cord

A
  • back side

- carries sensory info

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74
Q

dorsal side of brain

A

-top of brain

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75
Q

intra-hemispheric fissure

A

-fissure between the 2 hemispheres

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76
Q

lateral sulcus

A

-big sulcus on the side of brain

77
Q

ventral portion of spinal cord

A

-carries motor output

78
Q

cranial nerve 1

A
  • olfactory nerve

- smell

79
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

-optic nerve

80
Q

adaptation

A
  • Meissner’s and Pacinian are rapid adapting

- Merkel’s disk and Ruffin’s ending are slow adapting

81
Q

microneurography

A
  • stick electrodes into nerve in arm that contains fibers traveling from had to spinal cord
  • shows that a single fiber is sensitive to one or a few distinct skin spots
  • most fibers have no spontaneous activity and fire ONLY upon stimulation
82
Q

ipsolateral

A

-same side as mechanoreceptor

83
Q

topography

A
  • order is the same
  • body is represented in brain
  • structures dense in receptors is over represented in cortex
84
Q

merkel’s disc and ruffini’s complex

A
  • Merkel- small epithelial cell under fingerprint ridges
  • Ruffini- deeper in skin and around joints
  • both respond to pressure or compression
  • slow adapting
85
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A
  • in skin of lips, palm, fingers

- sensitive to initial contact and motion

86
Q

free nerve ending

A
  • not connected to specialized capsule or structure
  • generate sensations of pain, temp, itch, tickle
  • activated by strong mechanical, thermal, or chemical (painful) stimuli
87
Q

feeling of pain

A
  • nociceptor impulses are required from many fibers arising from free nerve endings (spatio-temporal summation)
  • above threshold pain intensity correlated to # APs
  • pain fibers are faster than touch
  • fast velocity => reflex
88
Q

distinct pathways

A
  • neurons with different functions take distinct pathways to thalamus and cerebral cortex
  • touch and pressure: dorsal column pathway
  • pain and temp: spinothalamic tract
89
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • anterior to parietal cortex, behind central sulcus
  • damage results in loss of touch sensation on opposite side of body
  • most complete representation
  • secondary are not as clear or specific
90
Q

endogenous opioid receptors in brain

A
  • modulate processing of nociceptor signals

- endogenous system releases endorphines in CNS, which inhibit neuronal activity in pain pathway

91
Q

morphine

A

-endorphine agonist

92
Q

whiskers

A
  • mice and rats have poor vision, so rely on touch
  • uses sweeping motion to collect sensory motions
  • whisker contact with objects activate mechanoreceptors in whisker follicles, giving rise to neural signals
  • cortical representation is high
  • motion distinct for each texture
  • whisker touch and cortical processing are contralateral
93
Q

cortical representation in lips

A
  • high

- crucial in sensory aspects of eating, speaking, and kissing

94
Q

columnar organization

A
  • regions of cortex on top of one another respond to the same receptor class and share overlapping receptive fields in skin
  • go down column, same receptive field
  • across column- different receptive field
95
Q

map plasticity

A
  • cortical topographic maps show remarkable capacity throughout life to make fine adjustments in their representation of external world
  • cortical representation expands with sensory training
  • plasticity also arises from rearrangement of adjacent neurons in cortical map
  • Ex: blind people have expanded cortical representations of finger used to read braille
96
Q

spatial cues

A

-determined by size, shape, and distribution of surface elements

97
Q

plasticity and rewiring

A
  • when hand is removed, touch face and think touching hand b/c face representations next to hand in cortical map
  • face representations rewire into hand areas
98
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

-somatosensory and visual areas of cortex (visuospatial and somato)
-damage results in hemi-spatial neglect
-ignore side opposite to lesion
Ex: only draw half of pic (if damage to right, ignore left side of drawing)

99
Q

same general areas of all ancestral mammals

A
  1. ) vision
  2. ) hearing
  3. ) touch
    * suggests that ancestor of all mammals has similar arrangement
100
Q

non-invasive brain imaging

A
  1. ) MRI
  2. ) fMRI
  3. ) PET scan
101
Q

MRI

A
  • just shows neuro-anatomy
  • structure of brain
  • protons are aligning with magnetic field
102
Q

fMRI

A
  • shows oxygenated blood vs. unoxygenated

- area used more = more oxygen

103
Q

CT

A
  • uses x-rays

- x-ray rotates so gives 3-D image

104
Q

PET scan

A
  • positron emission
  • looking at radio activity in brain
  • looking for what parts of brain will pick up radio-active material attached to sugar molecule (most active or tissue super active cell division)
105
Q

disadvantage to PET and CT scan

A

-radiation

106
Q

advantage CT

A

-can get high resolution images

107
Q

advantage PET

A

-shows regions of activity

108
Q

MRI advantage

A

-good spatial resolution

109
Q

fMRI advantage

A

-can lay down areas of activation on top of anatomy

110
Q

disadvantage fMRI

A
  • poor temporal resolution

- can see area of activity, but there is a lag, so can’t see rapid activation

111
Q

MEG

A
  • allows you to see activity with excellent temporal resolution
  • spatial resolution not great
112
Q

proprioceptive fibers

A
  • big, fat, and myelinated
  • allows motor system to know quickly what is status of limbs and muscle
  • crucial for movement
113
Q

where are motor neurons located

A

-ventral portion of spinal cord

114
Q

ventral horn

A
  • where all motor neurons live

- cell bodies from MANY motor neurons

115
Q

descending spinal tracts

A
  • axons from brain descend along two major pathways
    1. ) lateral pathways
    2. ) medial pathways
116
Q

lateral pathways

A
  1. ) corticospinal tract
  2. ) rubrospinal tract
    * info about voluntary movement
    * fine movement
    * focus on distal muscles
117
Q

corticospinal tract

A
  • originates from primary motor cortex

- upper motor neurons descend to lower motor neurons in ventral horn

118
Q

rubrospinal tract

A
  • originates in red nucleus

- descend to lower motor neurons in ventral horn

119
Q

medial pathways

A
  1. ) vestibular spinal tract
  2. ) tectospinal tract
  3. ) Pontine Reticulospinal tract
  4. ) Medullary Reticulospinal tract
    - provide input to extensor motoneurons that are concerned with sustained activities like posture and stance
    - axons originate in brainstem
120
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A
  • from vestibular nuclei
  • important for head/eye movements
  • important for posture
  • descends ipsilaterally in spinal cord
  • excites extensors; inhibits flexors
121
Q

tectospinal tract

A
  • originates in superior colliculus
  • helps with orienting stimuli
  • Ex: chasing a ball
122
Q

pontine recticulospinal tract

A
  • antigravity reflexes

- reflexes that keep you upright

123
Q

medullary recticulospinal tract

A
  • voluntary antigravity

- decision to be upright

124
Q

final common path

A
  • spinal motoneuron in ventral horn

- where ALL neural influences that concern movement or posture converge

125
Q

lower motor neuron

A
  • aka: alpha motor neuron
  • directly commands muscle- talks to muscle
  • cell bodies in ventral horn in spinal cord (sensory in dorsal root ganglia)
  • releases ACh
  • gets input from upper motor neurons
126
Q

motor unit

A
  • single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it contracts
  • each muscle has multiple motor units
127
Q

how to generate larger muscle output

A
  1. ) increase firing frequency

2. ) recruit more motor units

128
Q

motor system recruiting

A
  • recruit little neurons first b/c it is first to respond
  • doesn’t require as much to depolarize
  • bigger motor units need more umph from muscle spindle
  • size principle
129
Q

temporal summation

A
  • synaptic potentials ride on falling phase of previous one
  • build up to larger depolarization
  • multiple AP in rapid succession from SINGLE presynaptic fiber
130
Q

spatial summation

A
  • MULTIPLE presynaptic fibers diverge to contact a motoneuron
  • results in greater depolarization
131
Q

muscle spindle

A
  • proprioceptor sensor in muscle
  • sends output (afferent) fibers to alpha motor neurons
  • stretch gauge- tells length of muscle
  • basis of myotatic reflex
  • in parallel w/ muscle
132
Q

muscle length increase

A
  • spindle stretches
  • output sent
  • motor neuron fires
133
Q

intrafusal fibers

A
  • parallel with muscle
  • controlled by gamma motor neuron
  • muscle spindles within
  • proprioceptors that play a role in length
134
Q

shorten muscle

A
  • spindles go slack

- would have no output if not for gamma motor neurons

135
Q

gamma motor neurons

A
  • as main muscle shortens, intrafusal muscle shortens
  • spindle shortens
  • gamma keeps muscle spindle taut allowing for continuous excitation of alpha motor neurons
136
Q

myotatic reflex

A
  • stretch of muscle (tapping patellar tendon) generates impulses that travel to the spinal cord
  • produces monosynaptic excitation of motoneurons the that muscle (extensor)
  • impulses also excite interneurons, which inhibit motoneurons supplying the antagonistic muscle (flexor)
  • AKA: knee jerk- activate thigh; inhibit hamstring
137
Q

golgi tendon organ

A
  • another proprioceptor
  • muscle tension gauge
  • in series with muscles
  • for fine grip
  • send output to alpha motor neurons
138
Q

motor neurons inputs from

A
  1. ) muscle spindles
  2. ) interneurons
  3. ) descending tracts
139
Q

flexor reflex

A
  • limb withdrawal reflex
  • activated when banging leg, touching stove, etc
  • movement of affected limb is primarily flexion and directed away from offending stimulus
  • weight transferred to contralateral limb
  • flexor neurons excited
  • extensor neurons inhibited
  • synapse at interneurons in spinal cord allows for excitation and inhibition
140
Q

flexor muscles

A
  • close or flex joints
  • pull limb toward body
  • -activation accompanied by simultaneous inhibition of antagonistic extensor muscles by spinal interneurons
141
Q

extensor muscles

A
  • open or extend joints
  • oppose gravity
  • activation accompanied by simultaneous inhibition of antagonistic flexor muscles by spinal interneurons
142
Q

central pattern generators (CPG)

A

-neural networks that produce rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory feedback
-excite one side; inhibit the other
Ex: breathing and locomotion

143
Q

reciprocal innervation

A

-one group of muscles excited, while their antagonists are inhibited

144
Q

agonist

A
  • groups of muscles that work together

- results in coordinated contractions that make limbs move

145
Q

antagonist

A

-opposing muscles

146
Q

local anesthetics

A
  • inhibit gamma neurons
  • when intrafusal fibers contracted (expiration), nothing keeping spindle afferent fibers to alpha motor neurons taut
  • no info sent from muscle spindle to alpha motor neurons of diaphragm
147
Q

plasticity of motor cortex

A

-changes in response to peripheral lesions or practicing new skill

148
Q

trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • across the skull
  • put coil on someones head
  • delivers pulses of intense magnetic field (localized)
  • magnetic field strong enough to stimulate neurons underneath
  • allows us to disrupt proper functioning
  • experimental technique to see what areas using
149
Q

problems with TMS

A
  1. ) possible to stimulate temporalis muscle- clench teeth

2. ) difficult to localize b/c big spring

150
Q

Utah array

A
  • implant put into motor cortex
  • using thoughts can move mouse to direct computer what to do
  • Ex: turn on lights, etc
  • way to interact with world when spinal cord is damaged
151
Q

cerebellum and basal ganglia

A
  • coordinate movement of body
  • essential for accuracy & preventing tremor and spasticity
  • contribute to motor learning
152
Q

basal ganglia

A

-regulates motor control in regards to posture, counteract tremor, joint stabilization, and steady muscular contractions

153
Q

Parkinson’s

A
  • disease of basal ganglia caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
  • continuous tremor at rest
  • increased tone due to simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles
  • difficulty initiating/finishing movements
  • slowness of movements
154
Q

cranial nerve 3

A
  • ocular-motor nerve

- constricts pupils

155
Q

cranial nerves that play role in eye movement

A
  1. ) trochlear

2. ) abducens

156
Q

cranial nerve 8

A

-auditory

157
Q

cranial nerve 10

A
  • vagus nerve
  • gagging, swallowing
  • heart rate
158
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A
  • tries to control tongue movement

- controls which way tongue goes

159
Q

meninges

A
  • 3 layers covering nervous system to protect brain
    1. ) dura mater
    2. ) arachnoid membrane
    3. ) pia mater
160
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin along cortex

- wraps around blood vessels and in groves

161
Q

arachnoid membrane

A
  • looks like spider web
  • on top of pia
  • space filled with CSF
162
Q

dura mater

A
  • hard

- thicker for bigger species

163
Q

ventricular system

A
  • spaces within the brain through which CSF flows

- CSF flows out and over top of brain

164
Q

choroid plexus

A

-in ventricles where CSF originates

165
Q

CSF

A

-flows through ventricles and down spinal cord

166
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • common in infants
  • pressure builds in brain due to CSF circulation block
  • skull and brain get huge
167
Q

retina

A
  • part of the CNS

- back of eye connected to thalamus

168
Q

thalamic nuclei

A
  • all sensory input goes through
  • touch and pain go through ventral posterior (VPN)
  • vision goes through lateral geniculate (LGN)
  • hearing goes through medial geniculate (MGN)
  • sensory relay stations that send info to cortex
169
Q

frontal cortex

A

-decision making
-impulse control
executive function
-planning

170
Q

Korbinian Brodmann

A
  • made # maps of brain
  • used cresyl violet stain to look at cytoarchitecture in different species
  • observed distinctions in laminar thicknesses
171
Q

cytoarchitecture

A

architecture of cells

172
Q

how to define area of brain

A
  1. ) architecture
  2. ) connections
  3. ) functions
173
Q

central sulcus

A
  • separates parietal and frontal lobes

- doesn’t quite reach temporal lobes

174
Q

motor cortex

A

-rostral to central sulcus

175
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

-caudal to central sulcus

176
Q

area 8 frontal cortex

A

-helps generate eye movements

177
Q

saggital plane

A
  • passes from ventral to dorsal

- cuts into right and left

178
Q

transverse plane

A
  • divides into superior and inferior parts
  • horizontal section
  • can see inferior colliculus, superior colliculus, and red nucleus
179
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A
  • separates into dorsal and ventral
  • vertical section
  • belly and back sections
180
Q

corpus colosseum

A

-tract that connects fibers from one hemisphere to the other

181
Q

inferior colliculus

A

-processes auditory info

182
Q

superior colliculus

A
  • processes visual and some auditory info

- important for orienting to new visual stimuli

183
Q

red nucleus

A
  • motor output
  • part of rubro-spinal pathway
  • sends info to spinal cord
184
Q

Phineas Gage

A

-behavior change after rod through frontal cortex

185
Q

layer 4 of of somatosensory cortex

A
  • thalamic projections from VP nucleus go there

- thicker than other layers

186
Q

motor cortex layers

A
  • output layers are the thickest
  • layers 5 and 6 thickest
  • where pyramidal neurons originate
187
Q

pyramidal neurons

A
  • motor control

- part of corticospinal tract

188
Q

how many layers mammalian cortex

A
  • 6

- different thicknesses

Neurobiology (4 decks)

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