Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Replacement

A

The use of animals should be replaced with alternatives as often as possible

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2
Q

Reduction

A

The number of animals used in a study should be reduced as much as possible.

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3
Q

Refinement

A

For those animals being used, the negative impact on them should be minimised.

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4
Q

Validity

A

Variables are CONTROLLED, so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

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5
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent values in repeats and replicates

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6
Q

Accuracy

A

Data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value

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7
Q

Precision

A

Measured values are close to each other. The results show little variation.

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8
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is being changed in a scientific experiment.

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9
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable being measured in a scientific experiment.

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10
Q

Discrete

A

Finite values that allow placement into separate groups.

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11
Q

Continuous

A

Values change gradually from one extreme to another.

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

A confounding variable is a variable, other than the independent variable, that may affect the values of the dependent variable.

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13
Q

Negative control

A

Provides results for what happens in the absence of a treatment.
(i.e. doesn’t include the independent variable)

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14
Q

Positive control

A

A positive control is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs.

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15
Q

Placebo effect

A

The placebo effect is a measurable change in the dependent variable, as a result of the PATIENTS EXPECTATIONS, rather than changes in the independent variable.

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16
Q

In Vitro

A

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment OUTSIDE of a living organism.

E.g. cells growing in a culture medium

17
Q

In Vivo

A

In vivo, refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism.

18
Q

Random sampling

A

In random sampling, members of a population have an equal chance of being selected.

19
Q

Systematic sampling

A

In systematic sampling, members of a population are selected at regular intervals.

20
Q

Stratified sampling

A

In stratified sampling, the population is divided into categories that are sampled proportionally.

21
Q

Representative sample

A

A representative sample should share the same mean and the same degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole.

22
Q

Qualitative data

A

Subjective and descriptive

Difficult to analyse, and difficult to measure directly

23
Q

Quantitative data

A

Measured objectively, usually with a numerical value
Measured directly

24
Q

Ranked data

A

Data is sorted in order of magnitude
E.g. data is sorted from low to high

25
Correlation
Correlation exists if there is a relationship between 2 variables.
26
Positive correlation
When one variable increases, then the other variable increases too
27
Negative correlation
When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease to the other.
28
Review Articles
Summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field
29
Peer Review
Where specialists with expertise in the relevant field asses the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.
30
Ethics in human studies
Informed consent The right to withdraw data Confidentiality
31
Pilot study
Used to help plan procedures, asses validity and check techniques
32
Randomised block design
Where confounding variables cannot be controlled, a randomised block design could be used.