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Advanced Higher Biology Definitions > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

Taxonomy involves the identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics.

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2
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.

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3
Q

Model organisms

A

Those that are easily studied or have been well studied.

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4
Q

Latency

A

The time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour.

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5
Q

Frequency

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period.

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6
Q

Duration

A

The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period.

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7
Q

Evolution

A

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits.

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8
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

The attribution of human traits, emotions or intentions to non-human entities.

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9
Q

Genetic drift

A

Occurs when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequency from one generation to the next.

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10
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

In the absence or presence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations.

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11
Q

Fitness

A

Fitness is an indication of an individuals ability to be successful at surviving and reproducing.

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12
Q

Co-evolution

A

The process by which 2 or more species evolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each other.

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13
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

In a co-evolutionary relationship, a change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species.

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14
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Reproduction from a female gamete without fertilisation
More common in a cool climate with a low parasite density which is disadvantageous to parasites.

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15
Q

Fertilisation

A

The combining of 2 haploid nuclei of 2 gametes which forms a diploid nucleus.

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

The division of the nucleus, that results in the formation of haploid gametes from a diploid gametocyte.

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17
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Species that have functioning male and female reproductive organs in each individual.

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18
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Physical differences between males and females of the same species.

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19
Q

Female choice

A

Involves females assessing honest signals of the fitness of males.

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20
Q

Ecological niche

A

The multi-dimensional summary of tolerances and requirements of a species.

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21
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The niche a species occupies in the absence of inter specific competition.

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22
Q

Realised niche

A

The niche a species occupies in response to interspecific competition.

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23
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Where the niches of 2 species are so similar that one declines to local extinction.

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24
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Where the realised niches of 2 species are sufficiently different, so potential competitors can co-exist.

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25
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Live and feed ON the surface of its host

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26
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live and Feed WITHIN the tissues of its host

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27
Q

Definitive host

A

The organism (on/in) which a parasite reaches sexual maturity.

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28
Q

Intermediate host

A

The host that a parasite might require to complete its lifecycle

29
Q

Vector

A

Plays an active role in the transmission of the parasite

30
Q

Transmission

A

The spread of a parasite to a host

31
Q

Virulence

A

The harm caused to a host species by a parasite

32
Q

Latency ( parasites )

A

The inactive state of a virus after it integrates its genome into the host genome.

33
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of outbreak and spread of infectious disease

34
Q

Lekking species

A

Males will display for females in a communal display area, and then females will choose a mate.

35
Q

Honest signals

A

Indicate favourable alleles which increase the chances of offspring survival or a low parasite burden.

36
Q

Symbionts

A

2 different species which are involved in a close association.

37
Q

Monogamy

A

The mating of a pair of animals to the exclusion of all others

38
Q

Polygamy

A

Individuals of one sex have more than one mate

39
Q

Polygyny

A

One male mates exclusively with a group of females

40
Q

Polyandry

A

One female mates with a number of males in the same breeding season

41
Q

Natural Selection

A

Acts on genetic variation in a population which improves fitness and selective advantage

42
Q

Sexual selection

A

The non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individuals chances of mating and producing offspring.

43
Q

Homologous

A

The chromosomes : are matching
are the same size
have the same genes in the same place
have the same centromere position

44
Q

SRY gene

A

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines the development of male characteristics.

45
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition from other species.

46
Q

Degenerate

A

Lacking structures and organs found in other organisms

47
Q

RNA retroviruses

A

RNA retroviruses use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to form DNA, which is then inserted into the genome of the host cell.

48
Q

Viruses

A

Viruses are parasites that can only replicate inside a host cell

49
Q

Plasmodium

A

Causes the human disease malaria

50
Q

Schistosomes

A

Cause the human disease schistosomiasis

51
Q

Herd immunity threshold

A

The density of resistant hosts in the population required to prevent an epidemic.

52
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Allows parasites to change between different antigens during the course of infection of a host.

53
Q

Sex change

A

Can be caused by :

Parasitic infection
Competition
Size : when the largest female dies, the largest male becomes a female (clownfish)
Temperature of incubation

54
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The transfer of genetic material out with reproduction

55
Q

Bacteria

A

E-coli

56
Q

Nematoda

A

C elegans

57
Q

Arthropoda

A

Drosophila melanogaster

58
Q

Chordata

A

Mice, rats, zebrafish

59
Q

Flowering plant

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

60
Q

Identification

A

Can be made using :

Classification guides
Biological keys
Analysis of DNA or a protein

61
Q

Indicator species

A

Their presence, absence or abundance give information of environmental qualities, such as the presence of a pollutant.

62
Q

Methods of marking

A

Banding
Tagging
Surgical implantation
Painting
Hair clipping

63
Q

Mark and Recapture

A

A method for estimating population size.
N - population size
M - sample of the population is marked and released
C - the second sample which is captured
R - the number of individuals recaptured

64
Q

Ethogram

A

A list of all the behaviours shown by a species.

65
Q

Absolute fitness

A

Frequency of a particular genotype after selection
————————————————————————
Frequency of a particular genotype before selection

66
Q

Relative fitness

A

Number of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype
—————————————————————————————————————-
Number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype

67
Q

Sessile species

A

Slow moving
Quadrats or transects used

68
Q

Mobile species

A

Moving
Capture techniques such as traps and nets

69
Q

Elusive species

A

Sampled using camera traps
Or scat sampling

Advanced Higher Biology Definitions (7 decks)

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