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Bio 9th Units 1-3 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

energy flow

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1
Q

how does energy change during a chemical reaction as bonds are broken and formed?

A

breaking a bond requires energy to be absorbed, forming a bond allows energy to be released
no energy is lost, it just changes form

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2
Q

what is the overall function of enzymes in biochemical reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

they are proteins that speed biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. they bind to reactants and help break or form bonds

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3
Q

what are 5 factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

temperature
pH
substrate concentration
catalysts
competitive inhibitor

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4
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all of the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism
provides energy for life’s processes
creates key molecules

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5
Q

what are chemical reactions?

A

the breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes

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6
Q

what does catabolic mean?

A

a biochemical reaction where larger molecules are broken into simpler compounds (exergonic)

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7
Q

what does anabolic mean?

A

a biochemical reaction where larger molecules are built from smaller ones (endergonic)

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8
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start

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9
Q

what are reactants?

A

the substance changed during a chemical reaction

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10
Q

what is a product?

A

the substance made by a chemical reaction

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11
Q

what does endothermic mena?

A

(type of reaction) absorbs energy (in the form of heat or light)
ex. photosynthesis
more energy is in the product than the reactant

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12
Q

what does exothermic mean?

A

(type of reaction) where energy is released (in the form of heat or light)
ex. cellular respieration
less energy is left in the product than the reactants

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13
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

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14
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

(like enzymes) they speed up reactions

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15
Q

what is an active site?

A

the place on the enzyme that fits only one substrate (it can deform)

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16
Q

what is denaturation?

A

when the enzymes active site get deformed and loses its specific shape–> leads to loss of biological activity

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17
Q

what is the purpose of ATP?

A

it carries converted usable energy to be used for cell functions
the main energy currency of the cell

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18
Q

can you draw and label the parts of an ATP molecule?

A

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates = ATP

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19
Q

what is the ATP-ADP cycle? what is and isn’t recycled?

A

as ATP, energy is released for cell processes- phosphate is removed- then the molecule becomes ADP- energy is added from broken down food (phosphate added) - and it becomes ATP again.
ADP is recycled

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20
Q

what energy is used when a phosphate is removed? where does that energy come from?

A

the broken down ATP; the energy comes from macromolecules (carbs, then lipids, then proteins)

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21
Q

why is the overall process of breaking down ATP considered an exothermic process? while the overall process of forming ATP is not exothermic?

A

more energy is given off than required when ATP is broken down. when ATP is made energy is being taken in so it is an endothermic reaction.

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22
Q

what is ATP?

A

an energy-carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell functions
(main energy currency for the cell)
Adenosine Triphosphate

23
Q

what is the difference between how autotrophs and heterotrophs acquire energy?

A

autotrophs get energy from nonliving sources and consumers get energy from living or once-living organisms

24
Q

what is the significance of detrivores (decomposers) in a food chain/web?

A

they eat/break down dead materials so that others can use those nutrients.

25
Q

what are comparisons and contrasts between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis: sunlight is the source of energy; ex. Plants and cynobacteria; 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

chemosynthesis: process of an organism making its own food using chemicals instead of sunlight like in photosynthesis

26
Q

why is the pyramid shape used to represent energy, biomass, and number pyramid?

A

because of the amount of energy available at each trophic level, levels always get smaller just like the area as you go up the pyramid (only 10% remains)

27
Q

what is a producer?

A

also known as an autotroph, gets energy from nonliving sources and capture energy during photosynthesis to make sumple sugars
ex. plants

28
Q

what is a consumer?

A

aka heterotrophs
get energy from living or once-living organisms
ex. animals

29
Q

what is a detritivore?

A

aka a decomposer, detrivores eat/break down dead materials

30
Q

what is a carnivore?

A

organism that eats only meat

31
Q

what is an omnivore?

A

organism that eats meat and vegetarian

32
Q

what is an herbivore?

A

an organism that eats only vegetation

33
Q

wheere does all energy on earth come from and what is the overall process it goes through to be in a usable form of ATP for consumers like us?

A

it all comes from the sun and photosynthesis is the process used to make it into something usable

34
Q

what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 —sunlight—> O2 + C6H12O6

35
Q

what are the significant events of light-dependent reactions? what reactants and products are involved? where does the process occur?

A

solar energy is required for this reaction. Energy from the sun is passed down the ETC (electron transport chain) and stored in the bonds of ATP and NADPH
Oxygen is released as a waste product.
occurs in the grana (thylakoid membrane)

ATP, NADPH, and Hydrogen (H+) leave the grana and go into the stroma for the next phase

36
Q

what are the significant events of the light-independent reaction? aka Calvin cycle
what reactants and products are involved? where does this process occur?

A

chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH combine hydrogen (from water) with carbon dioxide to form sugar molecules (glucose)
occurs in the stroma

37
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

the overall process by which sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose

6CO_2 + 6H2_O —-solar energy—-> C_6_H_12_O6 + 6O+2

38
Q

what is grana?

A

pancake-like stacks of thylakoid membrane (in the chloroplast)

39
Q

what is stroma?

A

fluid substance that fill this space between the grana (in the chloroplast)

40
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

the pigment in the Grana that captures sunlight

41
Q

what is chemosynthesis

A

process of an organism making its own food using chemicals (‘chemo’) instead of sunlight (‘photo’) like in photosynthesis
- the process that producers who can’t do photosynthesis do to get energy

42
Q

what is the overall goal of cellular respiration? why is it nessasary for consumers like us?

A

to convert chemical energy in glucose to chemical energy stored in ATP
we need energy and this is how we get it

43
Q

what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) –> 6CO2 + H2O (water) + energy (ATP)

reactants: C6H12O6 (glucose) and 6O2 (oxygen)
products: H2O (water) and energy (ATP)

44
Q

what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? what is the difference in overall ATP production?

A

aerobic respiration is done after glycolsis if oxygen is present. 36-38 ATP are produced overall

anaerobic respiration is done after glycolysis if no oxygen is present. (fermentation) 2-4 ATP are produced overall

45
Q

what are the significant events of glycolysis? what reactants and products are involved, and what products move onto the next stage?

A

6 carbon molecule of glucose is broken down into 3 carbon molecules call pyruvate (pyruvate moves onto the next step) produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH occurs in cytoplasm

46
Q

what are the significant events of the Krebs Cycle? what reactants and products are involved and what moves onto the stage? where does this occur?

A

aka citric acid cycle, the Krebs cycle is a process that happens during aerobic respiration. 3 pyruvates molecules from glycolysis are chemically converted to make 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2

the waste product is CO2
hydrogens move onto the ETC
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

what are the significant events of the Electron Transport Chain? what are the reactants and what products are involved? what moves onto the next stage? where does this occur?

A

a series of reactions using e- and hydrogens from Krebs cycle make 34 ATP and H2O

48
Q

what are two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid fermentation: occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, pyruvate are from glycolysis is converted in lactic and 2 ATP

alcohol fermentation: occurs in yeast when oxygen isn’t availible, pyrucate from glycolysis is broken down into alcohol, CO2, and 2 ATP

49
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

the conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy stored in ATP

C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 +H2O and ATP

(glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water and ATP)

50
Q

what is the inner membrane?

A

the folded membrane inside of the mitochondria

51
Q

what is the matrix?

A

the fluid like substance that fills the mitochondria

52
Q

what is “aerobic”?

A

oxygen is availible (cell goes into aerobic respiration; Krebs Cycle and ETC)

53
Q

what is “anaerobic”?

A

oxygen is unavailable (cell will go thru anaerobic respiration)

54
Q

what is fermentation?

A

how anaerobic respieration is done (when oxygen isn’t present)

Bio 9th Units 1-3 (4 decks)

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