Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 9th Units 1-3 > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

cells

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are organelles?

A

specialized structures with the cell that help the cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe cell (plasma) membrane and its duties

A

surrounds the outsides of all cells and controls what goes in and out of the cell

made of the phospholipid bilayer (selectively permeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a cytoskeleton?

A

made of proteins, and threadlike fibers. it gives the cell shape and moves organelles around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what’s cytoplasm?

A

a jelly like substance that holds everything in place in the cell, it is the solution for chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

it contains genetic material and protects the DNA that controls the cell’s activities

(has a nuclear envelope with “pores” that control what goes in and out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

it makes rRNA which make up ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

they’re made of proteins and rRNA
found on the rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
important because they make proteins!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the Rough ER? (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

hugs the nucleus and has ribosomes on the surface, it makes proteins, then PACKAGES them for secretion and sends in through VESICLES to the Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the Smooth ER?

A

its attached to the rough ER but it doesn’t have ribosomes. MAKES LIPIDS and stores Ca+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

it’s a folded membrane that recieves vesicles of protein FROM the ROugh ER
it processes, sorts and sends proteins where neeed (like the post office of the cell!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

they contain enzymes that break down dead stuff and can do programmed cell death (basically the recycling bin of the cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are vacuoles

A

they are used for storage in plant (large central one) and animal cells (small and numerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are centrioles/centrosomes

A

they appear during cell division and help the cell divide
made of microtubules

(2 centrioles together is a centrosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the Cilia?

A

short and numerous that move fluid along the cell’s surface, like mini oars

associated with the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the flagella?

A

long and few of them are on the cell, they move the entire cell through extracellular fluid.

associated with the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

the powerhouse of the cell. it has an inner membrane and matrix
where cellular respiration happens

it breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is chloroplast?

A

where photosynthesis happens (2 parts: grana and stoma)

converts light energy from sun to chemical energy in sugar

found only in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

protects and maintains the shape of the cell
made of cellulose of chitin (fungi) and peptidoglycan (bacteria)
mostly found only in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the central vacuole?

A

it’s one massive central structure, a storage center in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the difference between dynamic and static equilibrium? (with regards to homeostasis)

A

dynamic equilibrium is maintained and the conditions stay within a range

static equilibrium happens afterward when the system has stopped and is at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the relationship between a response to stimuli and homeostasis?

A

homeostasis is the need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions. stimuli is a change in environment. the response is what happens as a result to the stimuli and the organism trying to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops?

A

positive feedback loops: the output of the system intensifies the response (ex. human childbirth, fruit ripening)

negative feedback loops: a counter response is triggered to get the system back to a set point (ex. human body temperature, blood sugar regulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis on a cellular level? what substances can and cannot pass thru easily?

A

the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell. it is selectively permeable. small, hydrophobic, and/or neutral items can pass through easily. polar and larger molecules cannot.

24
Q

what’s the difference between passive and active transport?

A

passive transport doesn’t require extra energy, while active transport does. passive transport moves molecules down the concentration gradient, while active transport does the opposite.

25
Q

what are the 6 types of transport and what molecules are used?

A

simple diffusion
- spreading out of molecules until equilibrium is reached (move from high to low concentration)
- ex. O2 and CO2
facilitated diffusion
- transport protein (like a channel) helps facilitate the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the membrane
- ex. large molecules (glucose and polar molecules (CA+2)
osmosis
- simple diffusion of water across the membrane, water molecules move down a concentration gradient from high to low area until equilibrium is reached
molecular pumps
- when a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane, against the gradient through a protein channel
- ex. potassium K+, chlorine Cl-, sodium Na+
endocytosis
uses vesicles to move large particles INTO the cell (phagocytosis, cell eating; pinocytosis, cell drinking)
exocytosis
- uses vesicles to export materials OUT of the cell

26
Q

what is the difference between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

A

hypotonic: water is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm, cell swells
isotonic: equal water to cytoplasm, cell stays the same
hypertonic: water is lower than the cell’s cytoplasm, cell shrivels

27
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions

28
Q

what is a solute?

A

what gets dissolved (ex. lemonade powder)

29
Q

what is a solvent?

A

does the dissolving (ex. water)

30
Q

what is a solution?

A

uniform mixture of 2 or more substances (ex. lemonade)

31
Q

what is concentration?

A

amount of solute dissovled in the solvent (symbol for abbreviation: [])

32
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

the difference in concentration of substance from one location to another

33
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

in endocytosis; cell eating
cell engulfs particle into vesicle and digests it

34
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

in endocytosis; cell drinking”
cell engulfs liquids into vesicles and digests them

35
Q

what is the order of events from egg to sperm to embryo?

A

when the egg is fertilized by the sperm, it goes into repeated cell division. mitosis creates many identical cells. the cells are differentiated and become tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> embryo

36
Q

what is the difference between specialized cells and stem cells?

A

stem cells are undifferentiated until they are made into a specialized cell, now haveing a particular function

37
Q

what are the levels of organization from cell->organsim that result from differentiation?

A

cell: most basic unit of life with the characteristics of life
tissue: a group of cells working together for a common function
organ: set of tissues working together for a common function
organ system: set of organs working together for a common function
organism: made of an organ system, 1 individual member of a species

38
Q

what are the 2 main purposes for cell division?

A

growth and repair

39
Q

what are all the phases of a cell cycle?

A
  1. interphase- the growth phase of the cell
    a. G1 Gap 1 phase: cell grows and makes proteins (most of the time is spent here)
  2. S Phase (synthesis phase): DNA replication occurs, number of chromosomes double
  3. G2 Gap 2 phase: more cell growth and protein synthesis
  4. mitosis: when the cell divides (1 cell becomes 2 daughter cells)
    a. prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disapeears
    b. Metaphase:spindle fibers connect to centromere, chromosomes line it up to the middle of the cell
    c. anaphase: sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes
    d. telophase: chromosomes decondense and look like chomotin again, nuclear membrane reforms, cytokensis begins
  5. cytokensis: the division of the cytoplasm into 2 cells
40
Q

what are the differences between cytokensis in plants and animal cells?

A

plant cells: cell plate forms midway between nuclei and gradually develops a membrane

animal cells: cleavage furrow is made that pinches cell into 2 equal parts

41
Q

how do cells know when they need to divide?

A

the cycle is controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops in the cell cycle

external- signals coming from the outside like hormones, nutrients, etc
internal- signals that come from the cells own nucleus like DNA inside of the cell

42
Q

what are checkpoints and apoptosis’ role in the cell cycle?

A

checkpoints are “stop and go” signals that regulate the cycle
apoptosis is programmed cell death.
internal/external signals activate genes that produce destructive enzymes

43
Q

what are the 2 tumor types? what is a tumor?

A

a tumor is a clump of cells that divide uncontrollably
benign- abnormal cells remain clustered together. may be harmless and easy to remove
malignant- cancer cells that break away from the tumor and move to other parts of the body (= more tumors)

44
Q

what are several causes for cancer?

A
  • biological factors
  • lifestyle choices
  • viruses
  • exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing agents)
45
Q

what is differentiation?

A

a process that creates special structures and functions

46
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into 1 or more types of specialized cells

47
Q

what is a gastrula?

A

embryo with 3 differentiated germ layers

48
Q

what is organogenesis?

A

the process of body organ and organ system formation that follows gastruation

49
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in EUKARYOTIC cells

50
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

one line continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes and regulatory info

51
Q

what is a gene?

A

section of the DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein

52
Q

what are sister chromatids?

A

2 identical chromotids

53
Q

what is a centromere?

A

region of the condensed chromosomes that look pinched->X

54
Q

what are telomere?

A

ends of the DNA molecule

55
Q

what is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division

56
Q

what does metastasize mean?

A

spreading of one disease from one organ to another

57
Q

what are carcinogens?

A

cancer-causing agents, chemicals that cause cancer by mutating DNA
(ex. tobacco smoke, asbestos, etc)

Bio 9th Units 1-3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions