Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviour genetics

A

Study of DNA and how specific genes are related to behaviour.
22,3000 genes.
Explore genotype behaviour, still complicated.

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2
Q

Twin studies

A

Monozygotic, 1 egg. 100%
Dizygotic, 2 eggs, 2 different sperm cells. 50%

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3
Q

Adoption studies

A

Children more like adoptive parents, environmental.
Children more like biological parents, genetic.

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4
Q

Epigenetic

A

Experiences cause changes in gene expression without altering genetic code.

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5
Q

Neural communication- vertebrates

A

Central nervous system (Brain spinal cord). Peripheral nervous system (nerve connections).

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6
Q

Neural communications- neurones

A

Cell found in nervous system. Responsible for sending/receiving messages.

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7
Q

The 3 Neuron types

A

Sensory Neurons- sensory information to brain
Motor Neurons, brain to muscles.
Interneurons, communication between Neurons, important reflexes.

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8
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new Neurons

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9
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Process of brain charges and rewires itself based on experience.

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10
Q

Neuron electrical system

A

Resting state, stable not transmitting messages, high concentration of positive charged ions, results negative ‘net charge’ inside of axon.
Ions evenly distributed.

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11
Q

Stimulated neuron

A

Ion channel opens.
Positive ions move into cell, change charg.
Positive charge reaches firing threshold, create action potential.

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Wave of electrical charge start at beginning of axon, rapidly travels down. After this there is the refractory period (resting state) cannot fire.

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13
Q

Synapse

A

Area involving neuron 1 axon terminal, neuron 2 dendrites. Separated by space called ‘synaptic cleft’.

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14
Q

Presynaptic

A

Neuron releases neurotransmitters.

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15
Q

Postsynaptic

A

Neuron receives neurotransmitters from presynaptic.

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16
Q

Reuptake

A

Process where neurotransmitter molecules reabsorb into axon terminal of presynaptic neuron.

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17
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system.

19
Q

Transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)

A

Application of magnetic pulses.
Pulse disrupts brain activity, used to stimulate targeting brain regions and increase activity at this region.

20
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Strong magnetic field cause protons in hydrogen atoms to spin in same direction.
Radio wave pulse sent through brain, knocking atoms out of alignment.
Radio wave turned off, atoms return, release energy.

21
Q

Structural neuroimaging

A

Diffusion tensor imaging: measure white matter pathways.
MRI.

22
Q

Functional neuroimaging

A

Brain scan, provides information about activity in brains using particular behaviour/response stimuli.
Potential trade off: temporal resolution small accurate period, spatial resolution how clear image is.
EEG, PET, and fMRI.

23
Q

Electroencephalogram (EGG)

A

Measure brain activity, multiple electrodes.
Measure every second.
Limited spatial resolution, less effective at locating region.

24
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Radio active targeted injected in blood. Travel to regions of brain engaged with task.
Increased blood flow, regions more active, higher radioactivity measure.
Radiotracers, allow measurement of catering neurotransmitter receptors.
Good spatial rescolution, bad temporal resolution.

25
Q

Functional magnetic reasoning (fMRI)

A

Measure amount of oxygen-rich blood flow in active regions.
Called ‘BOLD’ (blood oxygen level dependent) response.
Not great temporal resolution.

26
Q

What is included in the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

27
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic division, parasympathetic division) and somatic nervous system

28
Q

Hindbrain is for

A

Survival, structure for basic life sustaining process

29
Q

Brain stem is for..

A

Medulla, regulation of breathing, heart rate

30
Q

Cerebellum is for..

A

Little brain, coordination, timing, emotional response, attention

31
Q

Mid brain is responsible for..

A

Sensation and action

32
Q

Superior colliculus is for

A

Orienting visual attention

33
Q

Inferior colliculus is for

A

Orienting auditory attention

34
Q

Fore brain is for

A

Everything above midbrain, interconnected structure structures critical to processing emotions, memory, thinking, reasoning

35
Q

Basal ganglia is for

A

Planned movement
skill learning
integrating sensory and motor info
Reward/pleasure system
implicated movement disorders
tons of dopamine receptors

36
Q

Amygdala is for

A

Facilatating memory formation for emotional events
mediates fear response
Recognize and interpret emotional stimuli

37
Q

Hippocampus is for

A

Learning for nation of new memories
MEMORY CAMPUS

38
Q

Hypothalamus is for

A

Homeostasis (thirst, temp, hunger, sex)

39
Q

Thalamus is for

A

Relaying incoming sensory info to different brain regions

40
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

Wrinkled outer layer, high functions (thoughts, language, personality, cell bodies, dendrites

41
Q

Occipital lobe is for

A

Visual info

42
Q

Parietal lobe is for

A

Touch, spatial/body awareness, attention, somatosensory cortex

43
Q

Temporal lobe is for

A

Hearing, learning, memory, visual, object recognition

44
Q

Frontal lobe is for

A

Higher cognitive structures